April 2022

Bachelor of science in Information Technology University past papers System analysis and Design Data structures and algorithm Computer Graphics Software Project management Object Oriented Programming Object Oriented System analysis and Design Computer Organization and Programming Database Design Techniques Professional Ethics and practices in IT Advanced Mobile Communica Introduction to Computers Structured programming Database design Research methods in IT Data communication and Networks Introduction to computerized Business accounting Introduction to probability and statistics Computer Organization and programming Database management systems Introduction to Multimedia systems Programming in Java Document Engineering Broadband communication Programming with .NET framework Electronic Commerce  Open source Applications  Introduction to operating system Real time and embedded systems Business information systems management software project management Messaging and collaboration techniques Web Logic Introduction to business computerised accounting    

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BIT3102 BBIT301 BCT2106 BCT2209 INFORMATION SYSTEMS SECURITY AND CRYPTOGRAPHY/ NETWORK SECURITY/ INFORMATION SECURITY POLICY/ PRINCIPLES OF INFORMATION SECURITY FULL TIME/PART TIME/DISTANCE LEARNING DATE: APRIL, 2018 TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question One & ANY OTHER TWO questions. QUESTION ONE [30 MARKS] a) Explain briefly the three people involved in a cybercrime. (3 Marks) b) Explain any five responsibilities of an incident response team (5 Marks) c) Discuss briefly the activities in each of the phases of penetration testing. (6 Marks) d) Differentiate between: (i) Passive reconnaissance and active reconnaissance (2 Marks) (ii) Authenticity and Integrity (2 Marks) (iii) Suicide hackerand cyber terrorist (2 Marks) e) Explain the steps followed in creating a trojan to infect systems. (5 Marks) f) Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a set of hardware, software, people, policies and procedures required to create, manage, distribute, use and revoke digital certificates. Describe briefly any five components of PKI. (5 Marks) QUESTION TWO [20 MARKS] a) With the aid of relevant examples, describe what three types of information can be used to authenticate a user (6 Marks) b) Discuss the FOUR possible policies an organization may adopt with regard to providing Internet access to users of a private LAN. (4 Marks) c) Discuss any five critical areas physical security must address. (5 Marks) d) Describe five technical skills required of an ethical hacker. (5 Marks) QUESTION THREE [20 MARKS] a) Explain in detail the steps involved in creating and implementing security policies. (8 Marks) b) Describe the procedure followed in using a digital signature for secure communication. (6 Marks) c) Describe how a hash algorithm operates (6 Marks) QUESTION FOUR [20 MARKS] a) A firm security implementation plan can be launched and established using a series of best practices. State any five of these best practices. (5 Marks) b) Discuss any four design principles for secure systems. (4 Marks) c) (i) What is Kerberos? (1 Mark) (ii) Describe the kerberos logon process (5 Marks) d) Describe how public key encryption is used to establish the authenticity of a message that is exchanged between two parties, say Alice and Bob. (5 Marks) QUESTION FIVE [20 MARKS] a) Describe any FIVE major considerations you must take into account when choosing the security design that will secure an organization’s data. (5 Marks) b) In the last few years, customers have been turning to Managed Security Service (MSS) providers in growing numbers. That growth reflects a general increase in IT outsourcing. (i) Outline any four common motivations for companies to seek outside security help. (4 Marks) (ii) Explain briefly any four categories of Managed Security Services (4 Marks) c) Access control services implementation is required for all systems, regardless of the access control system type. Once the access control rules are provided and implemented, the system must then limit access based on those rules. List the five steps involved in implementing access control services. (5 Marks) d) What do trojan creators look for? (2 Marks)

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE IN BBIT/BAC/Bsc IT/Bsc ICT BIT3101A DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS MODE: FULL TIME/PART TIME/DISTANCE LEARNING ORDINARY EXAMINATIONS DATE: APRIL, 2018 DURATION: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer question ONE and any other TWO QUESTION ONE [30 MARKS] a) Describe THREE reasons for analyzing an algorithm. 3 Marks b) Using depth first search traversal, traverse the directed graph in fig 1 below: Fig 1: Directed graph 5 Marks c) Describe the procedure for testing an algorithm. 4 Marks d) Briefly explain how divide and conquer algorithms work. 4 Marks e) Discuss greedy algorithms. Give two examples. 6 Marks f) A mathematics teacher at Mbooni girls high school wants to use a computer program to assist his students learn how to expand a binomial expression that has been raised to some large power. Using your knowledge of dynamic programming algorithms, provide the design using a pseudo code for this program such that the user will key in the large power, then the system calculates the binomial coefficient. 8 Marks QUESTION TWO [20 MARKS] a) State and explain the TWO sufficient conditions for a binary tree to be a heap. 4 Marks b) The array represented in fig 2 below is to be sorted using bubble sort technique. Showing your working rearrange the elements in ascending order. Fig 2: one dimensional array. 6 Marks c) Discuss the various ways of classifying algorithms. Give examples. 8 Marks d) Differentiate between deque and dequeue as used in queue ADT. 2 Marks QUESTION THREE [20 MARKS] a) Assuming you are given the complexity function f(n) of an algorithm, explain, using an example any THREE rules that can be used when estimating the big O complexity of that algorithm. 6 Marks b) The elements stored in a hash table are not always sorted. Explain. 3 Marks c) Discuss any FOUR techniques for resolving a collision in a hash table ADT. 8 Marks d) State and explain any THREE applications of stack ADT. 3 Marks QUESTION FOUR [20 MARKS] a) Given the infix expression: (((A+B) *C+D) *E)-((F+G) *H-I) and using stack ADT convert this expression to its prefix form. 6 Marks b) Describe the procedure for inserting a new node to store integer value 7 between 4 and 6 in the linked list represented in fig 3 below. Fig 3: singly linked list 5 Marks c) Consider the business process case below: In a certain chain store in town, a customer picks items he/she wants to buy and puts them in a shopping basket provided at the entrance. The customer then proceeds to the teller/cashier. The teller scans each item in the basket using a bar code reader to ascertain the price and quantity. The program then computes the total cost of the items. The customer pays for the items using a debit card, credit card, cash or by mobile money. The program then prints the receipt. The transaction is then closed. Design an algorithm for this business process using a flowchart. 9 Marks QUESTION FIVE [20 MARKS] a) Define a graph ADT. 2 Marks b) Given that V = {A, B, F, T, R, S, W} is set of seven town of population 1000, 1500, 1200, 1500, 1600, 1800 and 20000, respectively. E ={(x,y) | if x more populated than y} where V and E are set of vertices and edges respectively, construct a directed graph. 6 Marks c) Represent the graph constructed in b) using adjacency matrix. 4 Marks 3 4 6 8 9 null d) The tree data structure represented by fig 5 below is a binary search tree, give two reasons to support this claim. fig 5: Tree ADT 2 Marks e) Traverse the tree ADT in fig 5 using in-order traversal. 4 Marks f) Explain your observation of the output after the traversal in e). 2 Marks

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY/BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY/BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN APPLIED COMPUTING BIT2311 BCT2102 BAC2501 NETWORK SYSTEMS DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT FULL TIME/PART TIME/DISTANCE LEARNING DATE: APRIL 2018 TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question One & ANY OTHER TWO questions. QUESTION ONE [30 MARKS] a) Discuss in detail the following concepts as used in hierarchical network designs: (i) User community analysis 4 Marks (ii) Data stores and data server analysis 4 Marks b) A company has considered creating a network for their complex that has just been completed. The building is composed of six floors including the ground floor. You have been tasked to be the designer of this network which will later be connected to the rest of the company network. It is assumed that you will base your design on Ethernet and all the floors will be cabled. It is further assumed that each floor will have approximately 380 computers. On each floor, there will be administrative computers which must be separated from the student computers. (i) What four critical goals would inform your network design? 4 Marks (ii) What is the minimum number of wiring closets you would create for this particular network? 1 Mark (iii) Where would you place your MDF and why? 3 Marks (iv) Assuming that the average UTP cable run for each computer is 50 metres. How many reels of UTP cable would you require for wiring the whole building? Show your working. 4 Marks c) A wide variety of software and hardware tools are available to make troubleshooting easier. These tools may be used to gather and analyze symptoms of network problems and often provide monitoring and reporting functions that can be used to establish the network baseline. Explain any three of these tools 6 Marks d) (i) Two buildings on the Ruaraka campus of KCA University must be connected to use Ethernet with a bandwidth of at least 100 Mbps. Our main concern is about possible problems from voltage potential differences between the two buildings. Explain which media type should be used for the connection 2 Marks (ii) You are installing IP phones in a new office. The phones and office computers connect to the same device. To ensure maximum throughput for the phone data sessions, the company needs to make sure that the phone traffic is on a different network from that of the office computer data traffic. What is the best network device to which to directly connect the phones and computers and what technology should be implemented on this device? 2 Marks QUESTION TWO [20 MARKS] a) Your company has a class C network address of 200.10.57.0. You want to subdivide your physical network into 5 subnets (A, B, C, D and E). You will need at least 20 hosts per subnet. Based on the given information, fill in the table below. 12 Marks b) Explain how the following diagrams help in troubleshooting a network. (i) Physical Network Diagram 4 Marks (ii) Logical Network Diagram 4 Marks QUESTION THREE [20 MARKS] a) Describe the procedure you would follow in isolating problems at the physical layer. 6 Marks b) With the aid of a well-labelled diagram, describe in detail the procedure you would follow in laying your cabling between the work areas and the wiring closets. 6 Marks c) To efficiently diagnose and correct network problems, a network engineer needs to know network baseline. This information is captured in documentation. Network documentation include 3 components: Network configuration table, End-system configuration table and Network topology diagram. Discuss briefly the contents of each of these three documents. 6 Marks d) What is port security in relation to switches? 2 Marks QUESTION FOUR [20 MARKS] a) (i) What does a switch do if a frame arrives and the destination MAC address is not in its MAC address table? 1 Mark (ii) What does a switch do with a broadcast frame? 1 Mark (iii) You replace a hub with a layer 2 switch. How does this affect collision domains? 1 Mark (iv) You replace a hub with a layer 2 switch. How does this affect broadcast domains? 1 Mark (v) Why do routers typically add more latency than switches? 2 Marks b) Describe any three rules will help ensure that the structured cabling design projects are both effective and efficient. 6 Marks c) Discuss the three most common causes of network congestion. 6 Marks d) Differentiate between a server-based and client/server network. 2 Marks QUESTION FIVE [20 MARKS] a) Briefly describe five factors that must be taken into account when deciding what type of Network Operating System to install on a network. 5 Marks b) What three goals does a security policy meet? 3 Marks c) State any five benefits of a security policy to an organization 5 Marks d) Describe four guidelines for creating effective network documentation 4 Marks e) There are three key factors that influence network uptime/availability. State these three factors and illustrate how they affect availability. 3 Marks

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BIT2308 HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION DATE: APRIL, 2018 TIME: 2 HOURS Instructions o Answer question ONE and any other TWO. o Question One carry 30 marks, others 20 marks each. QUESTION ONE. (COMPULSORY) (a) Explain the following principles in HCI (6 Marks) i. Affordance ii. Usability iii. Visibility (b) Discuss three main goals of HCI. (3 Marks) (c) Compare the constructivist and ecological theories of perception and give examples of how each has influenced interface design. (4 marks) (d) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, the Extended Human Information Processing model. (5 marks) (e) Explain between knowledge in the world and knowledge in the head. (2 Marks) (f) (i) Differentiate “recognition rather than recall” as used in HCI (2 marks) (ii) Discuss areas in system design where ‘recognition’ is encouraged (2 Marks) (iii) Discuss areas in system design where ‘recall’ is encouraged (2 Marks) (g) Discuss any two metaphors used in the study of HCI and clearly show their importance in system design. (4 marks) QUESTION TWO (a) What is the meaning of User-centered design? (2 Marks) (b) Discuss audio and visual devices that are used in input and output devices. (3 Marks) (c) What is HOMERUN in reference to a usable website? (3 Marks) (d) Describe two techniques for evaluation, highlighting their key points and the differences between them (12 Marks) QUESTION THREE (a) Discuss any four interaction styles that are applicable in computing giving its advantages and disadvantages. (12 Marks) (b) Discuss KCA University website using Cognitive Task Analysis, GOMS (8 Marks) QUESTION FOUR (a) An electricity power plant was redesigned so that the old system consisting of a single large display screen which could be seen by all of a team of three operators was replaced by individual workstation screens for operators. This worked well until there was a problem which resulted in dangerous gases being released. The team of operators had great difficulty in finding the source of the problem and deciding what to do. Because they no longer have access to all the information, they have to spend time explicitly co-ordinating their understanding of the situation by talking to each other. Under the old system, the knowledge would be shared – one operator would know what was happening with another’s area of the plant without explicit communication. Although the team’s individual responsibilities would still have been clearly divided, the knowledge of the system would be shared. (i) What is distributed cognition? (2 Marks) (ii) How could the new system of individual workstations be modified to make better use of distributed cognition? (11 Marks) (b) Explain any four facilities included in an interactive system that allows users to recover from their mistakes (4 Marks) (c) How does evaluation fit into a user-centered design lifecycle? (3 Marks) QUESTION FIVE (a) Why is web page design different to designing for printed media? (6 Marks) (b) What are design guidelines? (2 Marks) (c) Shneiderman produced eight golden rules as design guidelines for systems. Discuss any four. (4 Marks) (d) What is meant by accessibility? (2 Marks) (e) Define Gestalt theory and demonstrate how this theory assists in system interfaces development. (6 Marks)

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREES OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BIT2308 HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION FULLTIME/ PART TIME/ DISTANCE LEARNING ORDINARY EXAMINATIONS DATE: APRIL, 2018 TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question One & ANY OTHER TWO questions. QUESTION ONE [30 MARKS] a) Explain the following principles in HCI (6 Marks) i) Affordance ii) Usability iii) Visibility b) Discuss three main goals of HCI. (3 Marks) c) Compare the constructivist and ecological theories of perception and give examples of how each has influenced interface design. (4 Marks) d) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, the Extended Human Information Processing model. (4 Marks) e) Distinguish between “knowledge in the World” and “knowledge in the head” (2 Marks) f) Recognition and Recall are two common HCI concepts: i) Differentiate between “recognition” and “recall” as used in HCI (2 Marks) ii) Discuss areas in system design where ‘recognition’ is encouraged (2 Marks) iii) Discuss areas in system design where ‘recall’ is encouraged (2 Marks) g) Discuss any TWO metaphors used in the study of HCI and clearly show their importance in system design. (4 Marks) QUESTION TWO [20 MARKS] a) What is the meaning of User-centered design? (2 Marks) b) Discuss the audio and visual devices that are used for input and output. (3 Marks) c) What is HOMERUN in reference to a usable website? (3 Marks) d) Describe any TWO techniques used for evaluation, highlighting their key points and the differences between them (12 Marks) QUESTION THREE [20 MARKS] a) Discuss any FOUR interaction styles that are applicable in computing and give their advantages and disadvantages. (12 Marks) b) Discuss KCA University website using Cognitive Task Analysis, GOMS (8 Marks) QUESTION FOUR [20 MARKS] a) An electricity power plant was redesigned so that the old system consisting of a single large display screen which could be seen by all members of a team of three operators was replaced by individual workstation screens for each operator. This worked well until there was a problem which resulted in dangerous gases being released. The team of operators had great difficulty in finding the source of the problem and deciding what to do. Because they no longer had access to all the information, they had to spend time explicitly coordinating their understanding of the situation by talking to each other. Under the old system, the knowledge would be shared – one operator would know what was happening with another’s area of the plant without explicit communication. Although the team’s individual responsibilities would still have been clearly divided, the knowledge of the system would be shared. i) What is distributed cognition? (2 Marks) ii) How could the new system of individual workstations be modified to make better use of distributed cognition? (11 Marks) b) Explain any FOUR facilities included in an interactive system that allows users to recover from their mistakes (4 Marks) c) How does evaluation fit into a user-centered design lifecycle? (3 Marks) QUESTION FIVE [20 MARKS] a) Why is web page design different to designing for printed media? (6 Marks) b) What are design guidelines? (2 Marks) c) Shneiderman produced eight golden rules as design guidelines for systems. Discuss any FOUR of these rules (4 Marks) d) What is meant by accessibility? (2 Marks) e) Define Gestalt’s theory and demonstrate how this theory assists in system interface development. (6 Marks)

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BIT2307 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS FULL TIME/PART TIME/ DISTANCE LEARNING DATE: APRIL, 2018 TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question One & ANY OTHER TWO questions. QUESTION ONE (COMPULSORY 30 MARKS) a) Using examples describe three common applications of GIS in society today. (6Marks) b) Explain the following terms with reference to geographic information systems; (i) Layer (2Marks) (ii) Plug in (2Marks) (iii) Attribute table (2Marks) (iv) Transparency (2Marks) c) Beside the production of maps, the GIS also perform geospatial analysis. Give Examples of these analyses (5Marks) d) Attribute data stored in the GIS consists of three basic types. Name any two of these (2Marks) e) Explain how each of the following is performed in Qgis: i) Setting the transparency of a raster image (3Marks) ii) Creating a new vector layer (3Marks) iii) Georeferncing a raster image (3Marks) QUESTION TWO (20 MARKS) a) Discuss the problems that can be experienced when handling spatial data manually as Opposed to using geographic information systems (6Marks) b) Many GIS applications are in existence today, both commercially and in open source. List the various types of these applications (4Marks) c) Give the meaning of the following abbreviations as used in GIS i) OTF (2Marks) ii) DEM (2Marks) iii) CRS (2Marks) iv) GPS (2Marks) v) CAD (2Marks) QUESTION THREE (20 MARKS) a) Explain three methods that can be used to query a GIS project (6 Marks) b) i) Define digitizing as used in GIS projects (4Marks) ii) Describe the steps involved in the creation of a GIS database (7Marks) iii) Define internet GIS using examples (3Marks) QUESTION FOUR (20 MARKS) a) Explain the use of a topographic map in GIS projects (2Marks) b) Explain the three major elements that characterize topology (6Marks) c) Explain the steps involved in putting a GIS to work (8Marks) d) Define OTF and explain its importance in any GIS project (4Marks) QUESTION FIVE (20 MARKS) a) Explain the major sources of spatial data (8Marks) b) Name any four types of spatial entities used to represent geographic features (4Marks) c) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using raster data for spatial representation (8Marks)

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY/ BACHELOR OF BUSINESS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BIT2306 BUSS107 ENTRENEURSHIP SKILLS FULL TIME/PART TIME DATE: APRIL, 2018 TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question One & ANY OTHER TWO questions. QUESTION ONE (30 MARKS) a) Explain a good creative climate. (6Marks) b) Explain why risk management is a key attribute of the entrepreneur. (4Marks) c) compare entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship. (6Marks) d) Explain why entrepreneurship is a process. (8Marks) e) Describe the role of an entrepreneur in business. (6Marks) QUESTION TWO (20 MARKS) a) Describe the ways that an entrepreneur can become unethical. (8Marks) b) What are the four causes of stress among the entrepreneurs? How can an entrepreneur deal with each one of them? (8Marks) c) State four sources of innovative ideas. (4Marks) QUESTION THREE (20 MARKS) a) In your own words, what is demand? How can an entrepreneur assess the demand of a product. (10Marks) b) Describe the product planning and development process. (10Marks) QUESTION FOUR (20 MARKS) a) Explain the factors that can influence one to turn to entrepreneurship. (8Marks) b) Describe the contribution of entrepreneurship to national development. (10Marks) c) Define the term window of opportunity. (2Marks) QUESTION FIVE (20 MARKS) a) Describe the techniques that a businessman can use to prevent failure. (8Marks) b) Explain how an entrepreneur can establish and maintain competitive advantage. (10Marks) c) What is the most striking thing that you have learnt in this unit? (2Marks)

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BIT2305 ICT PROJECT MANAGEMENT& BBIT204 IT PROJECT MANAGEMENT & BAC FULL TIME/PART TIME/DISTANCE LEARNING DATE: APRIL, 2018 TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question One & ANY OTHER TWO questions. QUESTION ONE (Compulsory) a) The success of an IT project is often judged on its closeness to the originally agreed scope, cost and duration. i) What is the difference between project and business success? (2 Marks) ii) Give THREE common project success criteria (3 Marks) b) Suggest TWO reasons why it is considered that accurate estimating for IS projects is difficult. (4 Marks) c) Explain how you would use a Work Breakdown Structure to develop an estimate showing effort and cost, for a Project. (4 Marks) d) Describe FOUR differences between “management” and “leadership”. (4 Marks) e) If the scope of a project increases, what decisions would a project manager have to consider about the other elements of the Project Triangle? (4 Marks) f) The constraints governing the jobs are as fo1lows: A and B are start jobs; A controls C, D and E; B controls F and J; G depends upon C; H depends on D; E and F control I and L; K follows J; L is also controlled by K; G, H, I and L are the last jobs. Draw the network, (6 Marks) g) Define the term project management (1 Mark) h) Why do we carry out monitoring and control on a project? (2 Marks) QUESTION TWO a) Describe THREE warning signs that might indicate to the project manager that there may be potential problems with the project team. (6 Marks) b) a) Using an example briefly explain the concept of project crashing (2 Marks) c) Describe the importance of the following in project management (12 Marks) i) Software quality assurance ii) Software risk management iii) Software configuration management iv) Supplier management QUESTION THREE a) i) Construct the project network and calculate the forward and backward pass. (5Marks) ii) Find the expected duration and the variance of each activity. (8 Marks) iii) Find the critical path and the expected project completion time. (2 Marks) b) Compare and contrast network techniques and Gantt charts (5 Marks) QUESTION FOUR a) At a given point in a project, the budgeted cost of work performed was £250,000, the actual cost of work performed was £370,000 and the budgeted cost of work scheduled was £225,000. i) What would be the schedule variance? (3 Marks) ii) What would be the cost variance? (3 Marks) iii) Briefly explain the purpose of performing the above calculations. (4 Marks) b) CityBus is evaluating a possible investment in one of three new vehicles types, each type of new bus would produce annual savings compared with the old ones. The investments and annual savings are compared in the table below: Type A Type B Type C Year 0 Expenditure (50,000) (60,000) (40,000) Year 1 Saving 40.000 30,000 10,000 Year 2 Saving 20,000 30,000 20,000 Year 3 Saving 30,000 30,000 30,000 a) CityBus has always used the Payback technique for investment. Calculate investment using payback technique (10 Marks) QUESTION FIVE a) You have been appointed as project manager for a successful company creating online training courses. The software infrastructure for the company is crucial to its future growth. Until recently the company has outsourced its software development work to a number of consultants. Your appointment represents a decision to carry out all future development in-house. You have been asked to recruit four other people to create a team that will be responsible for identifying business opportunities and developing the IT infrastructure to support the company. Identify a role for EACH of the FOUR people you will recruit. This will include a job title, a brief description of the role and the skills required to fulfil it (10 Marks) b) As a project manager you are requested to perform the effort estimation of an Air – Traffic Control project. The mode is organic. The following project information is available: 40 function points with each function point requiring 5 LOCs 30 function points with each function point requiring 4 LOCs 20 function points with each function point requiring 3 LOCs COCOMO model Calculate the effort in person months and the number of persons required using COCOMO model (10 Marks)

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY/ BACHELOR OF BUSINESS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BIT2303 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS FULL TIME/PART TIME/DISTANCE LEARNING DATE: APRIL 2018 TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question One & ANY OTHER TWO questions. QUESTION ONE: 30 MARKS (COMPULSORY) a) Define a Distributed System 3 Marks b) By use of well labeled diagrams illustrate three key differences between distributed systems and centralized systems 6 Marks c) Differentiate between NOS (Network Operating Systems) and DOS (Distributed Operating Systems) 6 Marks d) State and briefly explain four security goals, highlighting the threats to these goals 6 Marks e) Outline three advantages of replication in Distributed Systems 3 Marks f) Discuss how the following clock synchronization centralized algorithms work to achieve external synchronization. 6 Marks i. Cristain algorithm ii. Berkeley algorithm QUESTION TWO: 20 MARKS a) Discuss four advantages of Distributed Systems over Centralized systems. 4 Marks b) Briefly describe all the components of a Distributes Systems 6 Marks c) Discuss the four models of middleware 4 Marks d) Describe the following models of Distributed Systems 6 Marks i. Client-Server Model ii. Peer-to-Peer Model QUESTION THREE: 20 MARKS a) Explain the relation between an error, a fault and a failure 2 Marks b) State and briefly explain four drawbacks of Distributed Systems 4 Marks c) Describe any three desirable features of a Message Passing System. 6 Marks d) With the help of a clearly labeled diagram illustrate the implementation of the RPC mechanism. 8 Marks QUESTION FOUR: 20 MARKS a) Define the term reliability 2 Marks b) A fault causes failure of a system. Define the term fault giving two types of a fault. 6 Marks c) Differentiate between the following terms in reference to reliability 6 Marks i. Fault avoidance ii. Fault tolerance d) Describe the following forms of transparencies showing their importance in Distributed Systems 6 Marks i. Migration Transparency ii. Replication Transparency iii. Access Transparency QUESTION FIVE: 20 MARKS a) Differentiate between external synchronization and internal synchronization 4 Marks a) Discuss the following replication approaches. 6 Marks i. Active replication ii. Passive replication b) Briefly discuss the meaning of the following terms in the context of parallel and Distributed Systems. 4 Marks i. Mutual exclusion ii. Dependability iii. Availability. iv. Name space c) Describe using diagrams three algorithms for achieving mutual exclusion 6 Marks

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREES OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY/ APPLIED COMPUTING BIT2301A BAC3206 COMPUTER GRAPHICS FULLTIME/ PART TIME/ DISTANCE LEARNING ORDINARY EXAMINATIONS DATE: APRIL, 2018 TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question One & ANY OTHER TWO questions. QUESTION ONE [30 MARKS] a) Discuss THREE basic elements of computer graphics that contribute towards realistic representations of real-World images (6 Marks) b) Describe the following terms as they relate to computer graphics: (6 Marks) i) Shading ii) Aliasing iii) Rotation c) Explain the concept of “transformation” and describe any FOUR types. (9 Marks) d) Apply Bresenham’s line drawing algorithm to discover the intermediate points that can be drawn between the following sets of points, then draw the resulting lines: i) (2,2) and (7,4) (3 Marks) ii) (0,0) and (-8, -4) (3 Marks) iii) (3,1) and (6,8) (3 Marks) QUESTION TWO [20 MARKS] a) Identify and briefly explain TWO common types of window-to-viewport transformation (4 Marks) b) Consider the lines with end vertices AB, CD, EF and GH below and use these to answer the questions that follow. i) Explain how the binary codes are assigned for the regions above (3 Marks) ii) Clearly explain the process of clipping the four lines above using the CohenSutherland algorithm (8 Marks) c) List the advantages and disadvantages of the z-buffer method of graphics display (5 Marks) QUESTION THREE [20 MARKS] a) Explain the following light sources and give a situation when they are most useful: i) Spotlight (3 Marks) ii) Point light (3 Marks) iii) Directional light (3 Marks) b) A common algorithm for visible surface identification is through “Area Subdivision” i) Explain how this algorithm works (3 Marks) ii) There are FOUR possible relationships that a surface can have with a specified area boundary. Describe each of these relationships and illustrate them graphically (8 Marks) QUESTION FOUR [20 MARKS] a) Identify FOUR aspects that a typical illumination model will consider (4 Marks) b) The basic illumination model used is the Phong model which breaks local illumination into 3 components: i) Ambient reflection ii) Diffuse reflection iii) Specular reflection Explain each of these reflections (9 Marks) c) Displaying 3D objects on a 2D screen introduces the “hidden surface” problem i) Clearly describe this problem (2 Marks) ii) Highlight the TWO main approaches for removing the problem (2 Marks) d) Identify THREE approaches to text clipping (3 Marks) QUESTION FIVE [20 MARKS] a) From the concept of the Cathode ray tube, we can display an object on the screen in TWO ways. Explain the two approaches and illustrate graphically (8 Marks) b) Describe the following shading models. Also cite a benefit and limitation of each (12 Marks) i) Flat shading ii) Goraud shading iii) Phong shading

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREES OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY/ APPLIED COMPUTING BIT2209 BAC1305 RESEARCH SKILLS AND DESIGN FULLTIME/ PART TIME/DISTANCE LEARNING ORDINARY EXAMINATIONS DATE: APRIL, 2018 TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question One & ANY OTHER TWO questions. QUESTION ONE [30 MARKS] a) Explain your understanding of the following terms (6 Marks) i) Research objectives ii) Descriptive research iii) Target population b) State and explain SIX principles of ethics in the context of research (6 Marks) c) Discuss FOUR ethical issues that you would consider when gathering data from human subjects. (4Marks) d) State and explain FOUR observation methods. (4 Marks) e) Explain two advantages and two disadvantages of using interviews as a data collection method (4 Marks) e) Selecting a sample from the population is a critical step in research. Identify any THREE factors that affect the researcher’s choice of sample size (6 Marks) QUESTION TWO [20 MARKS] Literature review is the systematic identification, location and review of materials related to one’s own study. Extensive and thorough literature review is a very important exercise for any researcher. Answer the following questions. a) State and explain six benefits that accrue from carrying out literature review. (4 Marks) b) Discuss briefly six sources of literature that you are likely to contact when reviewing the literature. (6 Marks) c) When carrying out literature review the researcher is likely to encounter lots and lots of interesting materials but at some point, the researcher must stop reviewing the material available and go on with the rest of the process. State and briefly explain four indicators to quit the review of literature activity. (8 Marks) d) Explain the difference between a reference list and a bibliography. (2 Marks) QUESTION THREE [20 MARKS] The following are the scores for the research methods class of April 2012. Study them and answer the questions that follow. 25 35 54 45 36 23 65 72 59 82 91 57 72 65 47 57 63 74 86 43 33 93 44 27 58 71 88 45 52 63 48 66 57 89 46 77 71 33 64 67 64 56 52 69 57 65 45 67 83 92 a) Draw the frequency table and organize the data into classes of width 10. (4 Marks) b) Calculate the mean score (2 Marks) c) Calculate the variance (4 Marks) d) Calculate the standard deviation (2 Marks) e) Draw a histogram and frequency polygon for the scores. (8 Marks) QUESTION FOUR [20 MARKS] a) Define the term ‘research’ (2 Marks) b) Describe THREE characteristics of a good research problem (3 Marks) c) Briefly distinguish between alternate and null hypothesis as used in research skills and design. Give one example for each case. (4 Marks) d) Describe the main sections that should be included in the research proposal (5 Marks) e) Discuss any TWO sampling techniques, stating where each is most appropriate as well as ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of each. (6 Marks) QUESTION FIVE [20 MARKS] a) What is a “research question”? (2 Marks) b) Explain what is “secondary” data in research. Give TWO benefits of using this kind of data (3 Marks) c) Consider the following reference of a book chapter: Cooke, D. J., & Philip, L. (2001). To treat or not to treat? An empirical perspective. In C.R. Hollin (Ed.), Handbook of offender assessment and treatment (pp. 3-15). Chichester: Wiley. i) Identify the publisher, publishing location, chapter title, authors of the chapter, name of the book and names of editors (5 Marks) ii) Write any sentence that demonstrates how to cite the book chapter in text using APA referencing format. (2 Marks) d) Focus groups are an important tool for carrying out research. i) Identify any FOUR characteristics of focus groups (4 Marks) ii) Highlight FOUR types of such groups (4 Marks)