April 6, 2022

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DIT401 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS FULLTIME/PARTTIME DATE: APRIL, 2018 TIME: 1 ½ HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer any THREE questions. QUESTION ONE a) The probability that an entering college student will graduate is 0.4. Determine the probability that out of 5 students i. None will graduate (3 Marks) ii. One students will graduate (3 Marks) iii. At least one will graduate (3 Marks) iv. All students will graduate (3 Marks) b) The following is data on the heights of seedlings in a certain tree nursery 3.1 5.1 3.7 4.1 6.8 5.0 3.2 6.0 5.3 4.5 6.4 5.4 5.3 8.3 5.2 5.5 7.3 6.5 6.6 7.5 5.7 5.9 4.8 7.0 7.1 4.0 6.3 4.7 4.8 3.6 Prepare a grouped frequency distribution and find the mean of the grouped data (8 Marks) QUESTION TWO a) Find the correlation coefficient by karl pearson’s method between x and y and interpret its value X 57 42 40 33 42 45 42 44 40 56 44 43 Y 10 60 30 41 29 27 27 19 18 19 31 29 (4 Marks) b) Births in a hospital occur randomly at an average rate of 1.8 births per hour. What is the probability of observing 4 births in a given hour at the hospital? (4 Marks) c) The table below gives the probability distribution of a discrete random variable x. Given that p(x<13) = 0.75, find the value of k and q hence calculate E(x) (4 Marks) d) The probability that i hit a target is 1 4 , and the probability that b hits the target is 2 5 . Both shoot at the target. Find the probability that (i) At least one of them hits the target. (3 Marks) (ii) Neither hits the target (2 Marks) e) The probability that a student owns a computer is 0.65 and the probability that a student owns a phone is 0.82. If the probability that a student owns both is 0.55. What is the probability that a given student owns either a phone or a computer (3 Marks) QUESTION THREE a) The weight of 8 diploma students were taken in variable x as they reported and the following results calculated. i. Calculate the mean and the standard deviation of x (3 Marks) ii. The mean and standard deviation of x after two more students weighing 58kg and 60 kg respectively join the group (3 Marks) iii. The mean and the standard deviation of x after each of the 8 students had lost 2kg. (3 Marks) b) A class has 10 boys and 5 girls, three students are selected at random. Using tree diagram find the probability that. (i) All are girls (3 Marks) (ii) First 2 are boys (3 Marks) (iii)First and third are of the same sex and the second of opposite sex(5 Marks) X 4 8 12 15 20 P(x) k 0.25 0.3 q 0.1 QUESTION FOUR a) In a study of the daily production of a company over 50 days, the following data was corrected i. Starting with a class 20-29, group this data into a frequency distribution. (5 Marks) ii. using a suitable assumed mean, calculate the mean and standard deviation of this data. (6 Marks) b) in a bag of 40 vegetables, 25 are carrots and 15 are potatoes. The mean weight of the carrots is 60grams while that of the potatoes is 52 grams. The standard deviations of the weights are 4 grams and 6 grams for the carrots and potatoes, respectively. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of all the vegetables in the bag. (6 Marks) c) In a large flower farm, 20% of a particular kind of flower is red, while all the rest are white. The farmer decided to take a sample of three flowers from his farm. The third flower that he picked was white. By use of a tree diagram, find the probability that the first two flowers he picked were red, given that the third flower is white. Assume picking with replacement. (3 Marks) QUESTION FIVE a) Differentiate between the following terms as used in statistics i. Qualitative and quantitative variables (2 Marks) ii. Population and sample (2 Marks) iii. Discrete and continuous variables (2 Marks) b) The numbers of points scored in each game by a college team were recorded as follows. Calculate i. Mean (3 Marks) ii. Variance (3 Marks) iii. Standard deviation (3Marks) c) A certain data set was collected on a random variable x and the following summaries made: i. Find the mean and the standard deviation (3 Marks) ii. Write down the answers to (i) if ‘10’ is subtracted from each of the original values

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DIT307 DATA STRUCTURES & ALGORITHMS FULLTIME/PARTTIME DATE: APRIL, 2018 TIME: 1 ½ HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question ONE AND any other TWO questions. QUESTION ONE [20 MARKS] (a) Susan a programmer would like to test an application for a client. Describe two types of test data that she could use in the test [4 Marks] (b) Write a pseudo code for a program that would prompt the user to enter four scores scored by a student in an exam and program should then store the entered scores in an array named Marks; calculate the sum and average scores and display the calculated average. [8 Marks] (c) Figure 1 show a tree data structure. Use it to answer the questions that follow:- Figure 1 Required:- (i) Identify the type of tree giving a reason for your answer [2 Marks] (ii) Give three applications of tree data structures [3 Marks] (iii)Explain three data operations supported by a tree data structure [3 Marks] (d) i) With the aid of a diagram, describe the quee data structure. [4 Marks] ii) List & explain four operations supported by a queue data structure. [4 Marks] (e) Define the following terms; [2 Marks] i) Translator program ii) Comments QUESTION TWO [20 MARKS] (a) With the aid of a flowchart in each case, distinguish between a selection and repetition controls as used in programming [4 Marks] (b) explain the following terms:- [5 Marks] (i) Algorithm (ii) Dry running (iii)Data structure (iv)Test data (v) Structured walkthrough (c) Outline two benefits of storing data in a data structure [2 Marks] (d) Write a C++ code skeleton to illustrate each of the following operations on a queue:- [4 Marks] (i) Insertion (ii) Deletion (e) Figure 1 show a typical data structure. Use it to answer the questions that follow: Required: Write a C++/ C program statement to: [4 Marks] (i) Declare the data structure (ii) Initialize the data structure (iii)State one limitation of this data structure [1 Mark] QUESTION THREE [20 MARKS] (a) Describe the following searching techniques:- [4 Marks] (i) Binary (ii) Sequential (b) Distinguish between static and dynamic data structures giving an example in each case. [4 Marks] (c) The Kenyan Electoral system involves voting by users pressing a number representing candidate of their choice. The numbers used range from 1to 5.the recent presidential polls had five candidates whose identification numbers and philosophical messages were as follows: Required: (i) Design an algorithm using flowchart for a C/C++ program that prompts the voter to enter a number representing her/ his preferred candidate. The program then outputs an appropriate message depending on the choice made. [9 Marks] (ii) Outline three advantages of flowcharts [3 Marks] QUESTION FOUR [20 MARKS] (a) Outline the steps of designing an algorithm [5 Marks] (b) With the aid of illustrations describe the following data structures: [6 Marks] (i) Linked list (ii) Graphs (c) KCA University libray keeps the following details about the library books:-Book Author, Year of publication, BookID, Publisher. Required: (i) Explain the most appropriate data structure that can be used to store the library books details [3 Marks] (ii) Using C/C++ programming language, declare the data structure identified in 4((i) [6 Marks] QUESTION FIVE [20 MARKS] (a) Convert the following infix expressions into postfix using stack ADT: [4 Marks] (i) A*B+C/D-E (ii) A*(B+C/D) (b) Explain five features of a good algorithm [5 Marks] (c) Write a C/C++ program segment that adds the following elements into a stack named numbers and reads and returns the top most data element in the stack: 12, 67, 78, 90 [7 Marks] (d) Explain the purpose of the following operations as used in stacks:- [4 Marks] (i) Pop() (ii) Top() (iii)Empty() (iv)Size()

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DIT306 PRINCIPALS OF DATABASE DESIGN DATE: APRIL, 2018 TIME: 1 ½ HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer any THREE questions. QUESTION ONE (30 MARKS) a) With respect to information management, differentiate the following concepts. (5 Marks ) (i) Database and Database Systems. (ii) Tuple and attribute (iii) Instance and schema. (2Marks) b) Discuss the limitations of having a database system to manage organizational data. (5Marks) c) Describe the ways in which information in a database can be manipulated (3Marks) d) Describe any four disadvantages of the hierarchical data model (4Marks) e) Discuss five functions of a database Management System (5Marks) f) Identify the roles of the following people: i) Database designer (2Marks) ii) Database administrator (2Marks) iii) Database user (2Marks) QUESTION TWO (20 MARKS) a) Describe the term “Cardinality”. (2Marks) ii) With appropriate illustration, describe three ways of mapping cardinality (6Marks) b) Discuss the levels of the database architecture: (8 Marks) c) Identify and explain any four components of the DBMS kernel. (4Marks) QUESTION THREE (20 MARKS) a) Explain the two basic methods of locking a data item. (4Marks) b) Explain the following terms; i) Database recovery (2Marks) ii) Database security (2Marks) iii) Database failure (2Marks) b) Design an ERD depicting the following entities. Assign appropriate primary and foreign keys; (8 Marks) STUDENT (name, date of birth, address, telephone number) COURSE (name, capacity, fees, Duration). REGISTRATION (date). QUESTION FOUR (20 MARKS) a) Define the term ‘SQL’ with reference to database systems (2Marks) b) Distinguish between data definition and data manipulation (2Marks) b) Discuss the anomalies that can result from bad database design (2Marks) c) Describe the design stages that should be followed in order to achieve an effective database design. (6Marks) d) Use the table below to answer the following questions ; Patient ID NAMES DOB GENDER TELEPHONE 1001 John Njuguna 09/02/89 Male 0725052368 1002 Alice Kioko 27/05/87 Female 0987549475 1003 Beatrice Mwiko 11/12/95 Female 079383363 10004 Brenda Njeri 20/02/84 Female 99575980 i) Write SQL to display all the patient details. (2Marks) ii) Write SQL to display Ids, names and birth dates of all female patients. (3Marks) iii) Write a statement to insert a fifth row to the table. (3Marks) QUESTION FIVE (20 MARKS) a) Discuss five components that can be found in the overall DBMS environment (10Marks) b) Describe the functions of the database Manager. (4Marks) c) Describe any three types of data Models (6Marks)

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 ORDINARY EXAMINATION FOR DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DIT305 PROGRAMMING METHODOLOGY FULL TIME/PART TIME DATE: APRIL, 2018 TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer question ONE and any other TWO. QUESTION ONE [30 Marks] a) Describe the steps involved in program development life cycle. 6 Marks b) In a programming class, the lecturer divided the class into three groups for discussions. The learners were required to identify five qualities of a good program. Assuming you are a member in one of the groups and have been selected by the group to make a presentation about the topic given by the lecturer. Explain the five possible qualities identified by your group. 5 Marks c) You are writing a C program and intends to declare three variables: studentname, score and grade. Identify and explain the possible data types for each variable. 3 Marks d) Briefly explain FIVE operators you can use in a C program. 5 Marks e) Write a C program to print odd numbers between 3 and 123 using a do while loop. 6 Marks f) Explain FIVE different ways of classifying programming languages. 5 Marks QUESTION TWO [20 MARKS] a) Write a program in C to calculate and display the speed of an object, given that speed=distance/time. Assume speed is a local variable while time and distance are global variables. 6 Marks b) Explain any THREE rules followed when naming variables in a C program. 6 Marks c) Write a C program to convert an integer in base 10 to its binary equivalent. 8 Marks QUESTION THREE [20 MARKS] a) Type casting is a way to convert a variable from one data type to another data type. Using examples describe TWO types of typecasting in C. 6 Marks b) Design an algorithm using a pseudo code to swap two numbers keyed in by the user. 4 Marks c) Describe five reasons for learning programming languages 5 Marks d) C is considered a strongly typed language. Explain. 5 Marks QUESTION FOUR [20 MARKS] a) Explain the difference between. i. L-value and r-value ii. “A” and ‘A’ iii. = and == 6 Marks b) Explain the concept of “null statement” in C program. 3 Marks c) Differentiate between a symbolic and literal constants in a C program 4 Marks d) Write a C program to store 10 numbers in a one-dimensional array, then display the numbers in reverse. 7 Marks QUESTION FIVE [20 MARKS] a) Study the following table that consists information about format specifiers. Fill in the missing information in the values column. The first row has been completed for you. Format specifier Type of the value %c Character value %d %e %f %p 4 Marks b) Explain the difference between do…while and while loops in C. 6 Marks c) Differentiate between a parameter and argument in a C program. 4 Marks d) Write a C program to pass two integers as arguments from main function to two formal parameters that belong to a function called product that will calculate and display the product to the calling function(main). 6 Marks

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY/ DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DIT302 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT DBIT106 FUNDAMENTALS ACCOUNTING DATE: APRIL, 2018 TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question one and Any Two Questions. QUESTION ONE A) The following balances were extracted from the books of ABE, a sole trader, as at 31st March, 2017 Additional information: 689,800 689,800 i) Stock at 31st March, 2010 was valued at sh. 48,000 ii) At 31st March, 2010 prepaid insurance amounted to sh. 4, 200 while iii) Rent accrued was sh. 8,000 iv) Depreciation on machinery is provided at 20% per annum on cost. Required: C) Why is accounting necessary, explain the benefits of conducting transparency and accountability to the development of the economy, give FIVE benefits using examples where necessary. (10 Marks) QUESTION TWO a) In the Current World of technology, various accounting frauds are being perpetrated through the system, Discuss FIVE ways in which accountability can be enhanced by use of the information technology. (10Marks) B) Discuss 5 users of accounting information and clearly indicate how they use it in decision making. (10 Marks) a) Trading, Profit and Loss account for the year ended 31st March, 2017. (12 Marks) b) Balance sheet as at at 31st March, 2017 QUESTION THREE Write up a two-column cashbook from the following details, and balance off as at the end of the month of Jan 2018: 2018 May 1 Started business with capital in cash Ksh 1,000. “ 2 Paid rent by cash Ksh 100. “ 3 F Lake lent us Ksh 5,000, paid by cheque. “ 4 We paid B McKenzie by cheque Ksh 650. “ 5 Cash sales Ksh 980. “ 7 N Miller paid us by cheque Ksh 620. “ 9 We paid B Burton in cash Ksh 220. “ 11 Cash sales paid direct into the bank Ksh 530. “ 15 G Moores paid us in cash Ksh 650. “ 16 We took Ksh 500 out of the cash till and paid it into the bank account. “ 19 We repaid F Lake Ksh 1,000 by cheque. “ 22 Cash sales paid direct into the bank Ksh 660. “ 26 Paid motor expenses by cheque Ksh 120. “ 30 Withdrew Ksh 1,000 cash from the bank for business use. “ 31 Paid wages in cash Ksh 970. Required I) Record the above transactions on the ledger accounts (12 Marks) Ii) Prepare a trial balance to record the above transactions (8Marks) QUESTION FOUR a) Discuss the following terms as used in accounting (10 Marks) I) Asset ii Liability iii Expenses iv Income v Capital b) Explain five Principles/concepts of accounting (10 Marks) QUESTION FIVE i. Explain FIVE users of accounting information clearly stating how the information helps them. (10 Marks). ii. Accounting practice is exposed to various errors, List Five accounting errors hindering accuracy in accounting. (5 Marks) iii. Discuss FOUR qualitative characteristics of accounting information (5 Marks

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DIT301 DBIT403 OPERATING SYSTEMS FULLTIME/PARTTIME DATE: APRIL, 2018 TIME: 1 ½ HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question ONE and ANY other TWO questions. QUESTION ONE [30 MARKS] (a) Explain four hardware factors to consider when acquiring an operating system [3 Marks] (b) (i) Define the term “utility software” [2 Marks] (ii) List three examples of utility programs [3 Marks] (c) Highlight four ways that could be used to prevent modification or unauthorized access to information in a computer within a networked environment. [4 Marks] (d) Explain three reasons for using Graphical User Interface (GUI) rather than a command Line Interface (CLI) [6 Marks] (e)List and explain six functions of a computer operating system [6 Marks] (f) Briefly describe the following processing scheduling algorithms: – [6 Marks] (i) First-In-First-Out(FIFO) (ii) Priority scheduling (iii)Shortest Job First QUESTION TWO [20 MARKS] (a) Define the following computer related terms:- [5 Marks] (i) Kernel (ii) Process (iii)Buffering (iv)Semaphore (v) Operating system (b) List and explain the five states of a process [5 Marks] (c) Explain five features of a good operating system [5 Marks] (d) List and explain five types of operating systems [5 Marks] QUESTION THREE [20 MARKS] (a) Explain the following memory management requirements:- (i) Relocation (ii) Protection (iii)Sharing [3 Marks] (b) With the aid of a diagram, outline the typical modules of an I/O manager [4 Marks] (c) A file system supports a collection of operations that can be performed on directories. describe four such operations [8 Marks] (d) Figure 1 shows typical information of Process Control Block. State the function of each element. [5 Marks] Identifier State Priority Program counter Memory pointers QUESTION FOUR [20 MARKS] (a) Explain the following terms as used in computers: [4 Marks] (i) Robustness (ii) Turnaround time (iii)Throughput (iv)Operating system (b) Differentiate between multitasking and multiprocessing operating systems [4 Marks] (c) With the aid of a diagram, describe the circular wait deadlock condition as used in operating systems [4 Marks] (d) State four memory management techniques in respect to operating systems [4 Marks] (e) Explain the following terms as used in I/O management, giving an example in each case: [4 Marks] (i) Character oriented device (ii) Bock oriented device QUESTION FIVE [20 MARKS] (a) James intends to design an operating system to use the following schemes to prevent deadlocks:- (i) Preemption (ii) Resource ordering Required: Explain the above deadlock prevention schemes [4 Marks] (b) Outline four techniques used by an operating system to effectively manage computer’s Random Access Memory [4 Marks] (c) List and briefly explain the three types of schedulers [6 Marks] (d) Write DOS commands that would carry out the following:- [4 Marks] (i) Close the command prompt window (ii) Display all directories in drive C:/ (iii)Create a directory named Exams in drive D:/ (iv)Change from one directory to a different directory (e) Outline two objectives of process scheduling as used in operating system [2 Marks]

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY/DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DIT203 DBIT205 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FULLTIME/PARTTIME DATE: MARCH/APRIL 2018 TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: ATTEMPT QUESTION ONE AND ANY OTHER TWO QUESTIONS. QUESTION ONE a) Explain the role of a system analyst [2 Marks] b) Any business endeavor has various stakeholders, who are the key stakeholders in the information systems game. Explain the systems project development team. [5 Marks] c) Describe the various motivations for Information Systems Development? [3Marks] d) Differentiate between systems analysis and systems design. [4 Marks] e) Information systems development activities are usually supported. Such support includes CASE tools. Describe what CASE is, explaining the various types of support it provides. [3 Marks f) A feasibility study is a short focused study aimed at establishing the practicability of Information Systems development projects. Describe FOUR such feasibility tests that must be Undertaken before the initiation of the project. [8 Marks] g) Outline the phases of SDLC. [5 Marks] QUESTION TWO a) Define the term prototype [2 Marks] b) What are the key benefits of prototyping? [3 Marks] c) The purpose of the TEXTBOOK INVENTORY SYSTEM at a campus bookstore is to supply textbooks to students for classes at the local university. The university’s academic departments submit initial data about courses, instructors, textbooks and project enrollments to the bookstore on a TEXTBOOK MASTER LIST. The bookstore generates a PURCHASE ORDER, which is sent to the publishing companies supplying textbooks. Book orders arrive at the bookstore accompanied by a PACKING SLIP, which is checked and verified by the receiving department. Students fill out a BOOK REQUEST that includes course information. When they pay for their books, the students are given a SALES RECEIPT. Required: Draw a DFD for the above narrative. [7Marks] d) Barclays Bank Members’ Club sells products to its members. The club wants to develop an inventory system to track the goods sold to the members. Members usually order for the product. Using the knowledge you have acquired in data modeling answer the following questions i. List the number of entities in this narrative [2 Marks] ii. Draw the Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) to capture the narrative [6 Marks] QUESTION THREE a) Discuss the following requirements elicitation techniques citing two advantages and two Disadvantages for each. [9 Marks] i. Observation of the work environment. ii. Questionnaires. iii. Interviews b) Discuss any three categories of information systems [3 Marks] c) Using diagrams illustrate four task inter-dependencies. [4 Marks] d) Describe the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) [4 Marks] QUESTION FOUR a) A product is passed as fit for sale if it passes a mechanical test and an electrical test and has the correct dimensions. If it has the correct dimensions and fails the mechanical test or the electrical test (but not both), it is sent back to the workshop for repair. In all other cases, the product is rejected Write the structured English for the scenario [3 Marks] Draw a decision table [3 Marks] Draw a decision tree [3 Marks] b) Explain reasons as why the employees always resist the new system [3 Marks] c) Describe the difference between hard system thinking and soft system thinking [1Marks] d) State three software implementation techniques [3Marks] e) Make brief notes on i. JAD ii. RAD [4 Marks] QUESTION FIVE a) When a patient arrives at Moss park Surgery with a repeat prescription request, the receptionist checks the prescription file and writes out a prescription. This has to be authorized by the doctor before being passed to the resident chemist for dispensing. The chemist then gives the prescription to the patient. If the patient is entitled to free prescriptions, the chemist verifies this and fills in the appropriate details on a form, which is filed in the free prescriptions file. Otherwise the chemist takes the appropriate amount of money from the patient and gives them a receipt. Required: Draw a DFD diagram. [5 Marks] b) A publishing company produces scientific books on various subjects. The books are written by authors who specialize in one particular subject. The company employs editors who, not necessarily being specialists in a particular area, each take sole responsibility for editing one or more publications. A publication covers essentially one of the specialist subjects and is normally written by a single author. When writing a particular book, each author works with on editor, but may submit another work for publication to be supervised by other editors. To improve their competitiveness, the company tries to employ a variety of authors, more than one author being a specialist in a particular subject. Required: i. Identify the entities in the narrative. [4 Marks] ii. Draw an ERD diagram [5 Marks] c) Discuss how an organization can physically secure its information system. [6 Marks]

Technology impacts Supply Chain Management across procurement, logistics, firm, vendor relationship management and customer relationship management. Technology on Purchasing IT has been used in various ways in procurement applications including communication with vendors, checking vendor price quotes and making purchases from vendor catalogs. Vendor negotiation has also been streamlined through the use of IT. This includes bargaining, renegotiation, price and term agreements. It is also used to provide vendors with information, the processing of returns and damaged goods and the receipt of queries from vendors. IT is also used in order processing operations; it‘s prevalent in order placement and order status. This reduces costs of order processing as well as the error rate involved in order processing, Technology on Operations IT is employed in inventory management. It‘s used to communicate stock outs by customers to vendors. It has enabled companies to institute EDI information programs with their customers. IT allows for proactive inventory management where firms can notify customers of order shipping delays and inventory emergencies, this facilitates decrease in inventory lead time and inventory. Technology on Logistics IT helps in transport management, one the highest cost component in the supply chain. It is used in monitoring of pickups at distribution centres by carriers. IT is employed in production and logistics across all processes involved in fulfilling customer‘s orders: manufacturers, suppliers of parts and subassemblies, material managers, logistics managers, transportation carriers, customer service representatives, quality assurance staffs and others. It helps to reduce cycle time used to fill a customer‘s order, reduce inventory of parts, work in process and finished goods in the pipeline, increase the accuracy and completeness of filling a customer‘s order and of billing him for it and accelerate the payment for the delivered items. Technology on Customer Relationships IT provides firms with the ability to offer customers another way to contact the firm regarding service issues and integrates customer information and firm information to bring great benefit to both customers and firms. Technology on Vendor Relationships IT leads to closer buyer-supplier relationships; it encourages commitment to establishing relational behaviour. It helps decrease transactional costs between buyer and suppliers and creates a more relational/cooperative governance structure. IT allows for sharing of critical and proprietary information among supply chain partners. Technology on Firm IT helps coordinate the provision of services to a multinational customer in different countries or regions. It helps share new knowledge as it is developed among members of the team and to individuals in other parts of a larger organisation.

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2017/2018 EXAMINATION FOR THE DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DIT107 MATHEMATICS FOR SCIENCE FULLTIME/PARTTIME DATE: APRIL, 2018 TIME: 1 ½ HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer any THREE questions. QUESTION ONE Find i) The mean, (5 Marks) ii)The mode and (5 Marks) iii) The median (5 Marks) b) Distinguish between i. Qualitative and quantitative variables (2 Marks) ii. Discrete and continuous data. (3 Marks) QUESTION FIVE By using an appropriate formula, determine the roots to the quadratic function

Technological development is the systematic use of scientific, technical, economic and commercial knowledge to meet specific business objectives or requirements. It relates to inventions or innovations. Development is essentially the process that takes a product or idea from a hypothesis to a usable product. More often than not, development is usually restarted after a product is finished, which is known as a prototype, which means it was a testing to determine if the technology was ready for regular usage. Attributes of technology include: 1. Connectivity – it is the ability to exchange information with external supply chain partners in a timely responsible and usable format that facilitates inter-organisational collaboration. 2. Integration – It is a process of combining or coordinating separate functions, processes enabling them to interact in a seamless manner. 3. Visibility – it is the ability to access or review, pertinent data or information as it relates to the supply chain. 4. Responsiveness – the ability to react quickly to customers‘ needs/ specifications by delivering a product of right quantity at the right time, place and at the lowest possible cost. 5. Readily available data to managers or users and coordination of operations and all logistics data between supply chain. 6. Coordinating operations, marketing and logistics data coordinated within organisation members.

This is the successful exploitation of new ideas which further social, environmental and economic sustainability objectives. A number of innovative solutions in product design, production processes and supply chain management are being demanded to meet sustainability challenges, resources depletion, climate change, entrenched poverty & sustainability. It is important to realize that innovation is design, procurement practices, does not necessarily involve brand new ideas. Innovation is about the development, integration, diffusion, adoption and commercialization of ideas. Many best procurement techniques are intended actively to stimulate innovation in the supply chain. These may include: Early Supplier Involvement (ESI) and partnering. Supplier development and best practice sharing. Innovation councils or cross functional innovation steering groups. Forward commitment planning (FCP) FCP is a commitment to purchase at a point in future a product that does not yet exist commercially against a specification that current products don‘t meet at a sufficient scale to make it worthwhile for suppliers to invest in tooling up and manufacture. FCP evidences to the market that there is a need and demand for sustainable products and therefore allows the supply chain to design them to meet the FCP specification. Sustainable procurement can therefore support sustainable innovation in the following ways: 1. Sourcing innovative products, services and processes as they become available and viable options. 2. Selecting, supporting and leveraging the capabilities of suppliers who are innovating or have the potential to innovate in pursuit of greater sustainability. 3. Supporting the buying organisation to own innovation capability by promoting sustainable options in design, specification and sourcing.

Sustainable good standards Procurement is essentially how you manage the flow of goods and services among internal and external customers. The challenge is to be sure that procurement doesn‘t drain your business and some of the best standards include: 1. Improve the way you buy i.e. manage your acquisitions systematically through a clear administrative process that outlines the rules of buying. 2. Conduct a spend analysis. Have a detailed review of how you spend for the effective procurement. Ensure to look at all factors that affect price such as cost of raw materials, inventory costs, taxes, transport expenses (inbound & outbound), supplier charges, payment terms and 3rd party cost. 3. Conduct a demand analysis i.e. that means that you will need to not only focus on costs but also quantity. Why stock items on inventory that you are not going to use for the next 6 month. 4. Reduce supply complexity by buying standard parts, goods and services. Establish strategic partnership with fewer suppliers. Your supply partners should be able to appreciate and value your business and be more flexible when it comes to adapting your needs. 5. Evaluate your suppliers 6. Train your employees on procurement 7. Invest in technology Sustainable good policies The policies are meant to ensure however implement our environmental policies when processing work, goods and services. Supplier requires full consideration of environmental economic and social impact as well as financial and performance implications of procurement. Some principles/policies may include: 1. Best value 2. Legal implications- award of procurement must be non-discriminatory. 3. Environmental standards- consider the whole life and environmental impact of the product. 4. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions- explore opportunities for local sourcing of materials and use energy efficient goods. 5. Corporate Social Responsibility- this describes a wide range of obligations than an organisation has towards stakeholders. It is the commitment to systematic consideration of the environmental, social and cultural aspects of an organisation‘s operations.