April 13, 2022

All aspects of the PPP arrangement (e.g. responsibilities, risk allocation, payment mechanism) need to be developed in greater detail, with the ultimate goal of producing the draft PPP contract. It is advisable to deal with this in sub-steps rather than try to draft a full PPP contract right away as this simplifies the internal review process. For example, it is better to focus the initial internal discussion and approval on the broad commercial aspects of project design rather than on detailed legal terms. The government‟s economic policy, including experience with PPP projects, Market conditions, including the level of development of the financial market and competition of the public procurement market, The legal system; Institutional preparation (institutional capacity)

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2015/2016 EXAMINATION FOR THE DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS/ INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DIT504 APPLICATION PROGRAMMING DATE: AUGUST 2016 TIME: 1½HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Any THREE Questions. QUESTION ONE a) Define the following terms as used in programming and support your answer with examples. i. Method ii. Variable iii. Comments iv. Event driven programming [8 Marks] b) State the syntax of the functions msgbox[] and inputbox[] [2 Marks] c) Write a windows application to accept inputs for the dimensions of a rectangle through the input box function and then compute the area and perimeter of the rectangle. The Area and Perimeter should be displayed through a Message Box [8 Marks] d) Explain the term debugging [2 Marks] QUESTION TWO a) Outline FOUR characteristics of a good algorithm [4 Marks] b) A program is required to process and award students grades for students in a class according to the following summary table. Write a VB program that prompts the user for the student’s Marks and outputs the appropriate grade. [6 Marks] c) Describe the THREE control structures used in programming [6 Marks] d) List the steps you would follow to convert your visual basic project into an executable file (.EXE) [4 Marks] QUESTION THREE a) Draw a flowchart for a program to calculate the sum of ten numbers provided by a user [4 Marks] b) Compare and contrast option buttons and checkboxes as used in Visual Basic. [4 Marks] c) Briefly describe any TWO advantages of using sub procedures or functions in a program. [4 Marks] d) Write a program that accepts money in US dollars through an Input Box function and converts it to Kenya Shillings.. The program should output the Kenya Shilling value through a Message Box function upon the click of a command button. (1 US Dollar = 105 Kshs) [8 Marks] QUESTION FOUR a) Explain how you would come up with the following menu in an MDI form NB: Applications is a main menu and the rest are sub Menu items. There is a separator bar between Minimize forms and Exit [5 Marks] b) Explain any TWO controls that can be used to group other controls [2 Marks] c) With the help of a sample code, explain the following commands used in Visual basic [4 Marks] i. Me ii. Show d) Briefly explain the importance of comments in a program. [3 Marks] e) The Screen interface below shows one of the elements of the Visual Basic IDE. i. Name the parts labeled a, b and c [3 Marks] ii. Briefly explain the functions of the parts you have named above. [3 Marks] QUESTION FIVE a) Create a database of your choice and explain how you will connect it to a GUI (design this too) that reflects the content of the database for easy manipulation [12 Marks] b) Explain the steps followed when creating a report from the database [8 Marks]

Acceleration of high priority projects by packaging and procuring services in new ways Turning to the private sector to provide specialized management capacity for large and complex programs Transfer of new technology developed by private entities to the public sector. Drawing on private sector expertise in accessing and organizing the wide strange of private sector financial resources Encouraging private entrepreneurial development, ownership, and operation of highways and/or related assets Public Sector Financing Gaps Demand for Government resources to finance core functions External funding resources in form of loans and grants Lesson from other countries which have succeeded to improve infrastructure services through PPPs

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2015/2016 EXAMINATION FOR THE DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DIT502 ECOMMERCE DATE: AUGUST 2016 TIME: 1½HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Any THREE Questions. QUESTION ONE a) Define the terms below i. E-commerce ii. E-business iii. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) iv. E-commerce website [4 Marks] b) Outline four features of a functional e-commerce website [4 Marks] c) Give and explain four web tools that can be used to make a functional e-commerce website [4 Marks] d) Give two advantages of online payments [2 Marks] e) Discuss the following e-commerce infrastructure [6 Marks] i. messaging infrastructure ii. networks QUESTION TWO a) Give four advantages of EDI [4 Marks] b) Discuss the following EDI components [6 Marks] i. Networks ii. Standards c) Briefly describe SET (Secure Electronic Transaction) protocol [4 Marks] d) Explain the following e-commerce support categories [6 Marks] i. public policy ii. marketing and advertising QUESTION THREE a) Define the term security as used in e-commerce [1 Mark] b) Give the difference between supply chain and value chain [2 Marks] c) Briefly describe how vertical integration reconfigures the value chain [4 Marks] d) Give two advantages of vertical integration [2 Marks] e) Define the term SWOT analysis [2 Marks] f) Discuss e-commerce Strengths, Weaknesses and Opportunities [9 Marks] QUESTION FOUR a) List three advantages of online e-commerce over traditional (EDI) e-commerce [3 Marks] b) Briefly describe the following types of online e-commerce i. B2C ii. C2C iii. C2B [9 Marks] c) Briefly describe the buyer view of e-commerce [2 Marks] d) Discuss the impact of e-commerce on [6 Marks] i. work routine ii. information technology QUESTION FIVE a) Give four justifications for online advertisement [4 Marks] b) Briefly outline the following e-commerce security issues [6 Marks] i. non-repudiation ii. confidentiality iii. authentication c) Describe the banner advertisement [2 Marks] d) Outline three ways in which e-commerce affects the supply chain [3 Marks] e) E-payments should have the following properties. Define each [3 Marks] i. atomicity ii. acceptability f) Give two advantages of e-commerce [2 Marks]

Medium length – typically between 8 and 15 years; Collection risk passed to operator in lease; Lease operator will require assurances as to tariff levels and increases over term of lease, and compensation/ review mechanism if tariff levels do not meet projections; Cost of maintenance and some replacement passed to operator (operator takes some degree of asset risk in terms of the performance of the assets); Operator may be put in charge of overseeing capital investment program/ specific capital works; Employer is paid a fixed lease fee (lease)/ receives net receipts from customers (less affermage fee) (affermage); Review process every 4 or 5 years to review performance, costs, tariff levels, etc.; Employees seconded or transferred to the operator; Operator to maintain asset register and operation and maintenance manuals/ records, etc.; Typical to include minimum maintenance or replacement provisions towards the end of the contract, so that facilities are handed back in an operational state.

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2015/2016 EXAMINATION FOR THE DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLGY DIT410 JAVA PROGRAMMING DATE: AUGUST 2016 TIME: 1½HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Any THREE Questions. QUESTION ONE a) Determine the output of the following code snippet. [3 Marks] int i; int seed = 2*(4/5); for(i=1; i<=3; i+=2) seed += i; System.out.println(seed); b) Differentiate between Instance variables, Class variables and Local variables [3 Marks] c) Describe Six (6) Java features. [6 Marks] d) What is the difference between a break statement and a continue statement? [4 Marks] e) Classes Car and Bus are children of the TransportVehicle class. Assuming the parent class to be abstract, write the class declarations of the 3 classes. The class TransportVehicle is public as well. Assuming that all the 3 classes are in the same Java file, what will be the name of that file? [4 Marks] QUESTION TWO a) Write a Program to calculate charges for sending particles when the charges are as follows For the first 1KG Ksh15.00 , For additional weight , for every 500gm or fraction thereof: Ksh 8.00 [6 Marks] b) Differentiate between the following types of errors that can take place during the execution of a program [3 Marks] i. Syntax Error ii. Run-time Error iii. Logical Error c) Differentiate between Boolean Literals and Character Literals (4 Marks) d) Differentiate between a Superclass and a Subclass. (4 Marks) e) Using sample codes explain the difference between method overloading and method overriding [3 Marks] QUESTION THREE a) Write Java code for a program to compute the sum of the first 100 positive integers 1, 2… 100 [4 Marks] b) Define the term access modifier. Explain the basic class access modifiers that can be implemented in any java program [5 Marks] c) State and resolve the error with the following program code [4 Marks] int product = 0; while (product < 500000){ product = product * 5; } d) Rewrite the following while loop as do-while loops [3 Marks] int count = 0, sum = 0; while (count < 10){ sum += count; count++; } Write a java program to find the greatest number out of any given three. [4 Marks] QUESTION FOUR a) Type conversion is assign a value of one type to a variable of another type.Explain using code samples two ways of type conversion: [6 Marks] b) A cloth showroom has announced the following festival discounts on the purchase of items, based on the total cost of the items purchased:- Total cost Discount (in Percentage) Total cost Discount (in Percentage) Less than Ksh. 2000 5% Ksh. 2001 to Ksh. 5000 25% Ksh. 5001 to Ksh. l0000 35% Above Ksh. 10000 50% Write a program to input the total cost and to compute and display the amount to be paid by the customer after availing the discount. [10 Marks] c) Discuss the following elements of OOP [4 Marks] i. Encapsulation ii. Information Hiding iii. Inheritance iv. Polymorphism QUESTION FIVE a) What will be the output of the following program segment [4 Marks] i. int a= 5, b = 2,c; if (a>b || a ! = b) c = ++a+–b; System.out.print(c+ “ ”+a+ “ ”+b); ii. int a = 0; if(a>0 && a<20) a++; else a– ; System.out.println(a); b) Define between java application and an applet. [4 Marks] c) Define what is an exception and what is exception handling [ 5 Marks] 4 d) Explain the meaning of the following escape sequences [4 Marks] i. \n ii. \t iii. \b iv. \ e) Using an example Explain what you understand by signature of a function [3 Marks]  

Following are the principles or criterion which a partnership has to fulfil to qualify as a PPP or PSPP. 1. Openness and Binding Commitment: Disclosure to partners of all relevant information and strict adherence to the important principles of cooperation. This strict adherence is usually made possible in the presence of a formal agreement between the partners. Others factors like resources put into the partnership and agreed upon goals and shared functions should also be known fully to all the partners. 2.Supervision/Control: Continuous monitoring and observation allows important lessons to be learnt from the partnership and also provide a good mechanism for collecting and analysing the feedback. 3.Successful Negotiation Process: The partnership is a strategic community of responsibility and action set up for the mid to long term, in which the partners contribute their respective inputs into the shared process of producing products and/or services. The process of decisionmaking by negotiation is done together, so that in the process of decision-making no-one is disadvantaged but rather, disadvantages are reduced. For the risks, the planned input and the expected profits, an efficient exchange process must be agreed. Every participant fulfils the role that is assigned to him or her within the partnership. The equality of the roles is not essential, as long as the partners in their assigned roles have equal rights. 4. Equal Rights in Different Roles: It is not necessary for the agreed roles of the partners to be equal but it is necessary for them to have equal rights in their respective roles. 5.Clear Division of Tasks, Roles and Functions: The assignment of tasks and responsibilities is done according to the actual capabilities and expertise of the partners. 6. Clear Goals and Objectives: Clear goals and objectives have to be decided mutually by the partners. 7. Mutual Trust: Especially in the area of “core services” (social services whose qualitative performance is not easy to measure), mutual trust between the partners contributes a lot to the successful implementation of the partnership. 8.Sympathy between the Partners: Experience shows that when the “chemistry” between the partners is good, the setting-up and running of the partnership is smooth and more productive. 9.Creation of Synergy between Partners: In negotiation processes, specific resources of the partners are brought together in such a way that usable synergy effects are generated. The focus is on achieving goals negotiated together, with which each partner can identify themselves. Thus synergy effects are made available to the partners, which would not have come about without the partnership. 10.Suitability of the Resources and Size of the Partnership: Resources for the partnership (human resources) must be adequate for the size of the partnership. Sufficient time resources must be planned for the partnership. 11. Risk Sharing: Sharing of risks and profits need to be made clear in the agreement and then strictly adhered to during the whole duration of the partnership. 12. Active involvement of the public sector throughout the project and also in the follow up stages 13.Political leadership: Active support from the political leaders is required in encouraging the two partners to share responsibilities, risks and rewards. 14.Secure public control: In case the private partner defaults or fails to fulfil its obligation, the government should ensure that it has recourse rights to maximize the opportunity to resolve the issue or to take control. 15.Limited complexity: The arrangement should be kept simple, workable and free of complexity and confusion. 16. Legal authority: In the form of legislations and law making to encourage and protect PPP formation. 17.Specific Needs: Each partner must have a specific reason for joining a partnership, i.e. a specific need which can be fulfilled through the partnership

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2015/2016 EXAMINATION FOR THE DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS/ INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DIT407 NETWORK DESIGN AND SETUP DATE: AUGUST 2016 TIME: 1½HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Any THREE Questions. QUESTION ONE a) Differentiate between simplex ,half duplex and full duplex in the context of data transmission (6 Marks) b) Describe the concept of CSMA/CD (4 Marks) c) Give two reasons why fiber optic transmission media is preferred over the other media types (2 Marks) d) Describe any four duties of a network administrator (4 Marks) e) Differentiate between Enterprise and workgroup server (4 Marks) QUESTION TWO a) Differentiate between the client server and the Peer to Peer network architecture (4 Marks) b) Describe the steps of LAN design in detail (6 Marks) c) Describe the three main switching techniques as used within networks (6 Marks) d) Differentiate between static and dynamic IP allocation techniques (4 Marks) QUESTION THREE a) Describe the procedure of building a simple network between two computers directly without using a switch or hub (6 Marks) b) Give any four network hardware devices describing their functions (8 Marks) c) Discuss any three reasons why you would prefer Linux OS to windows OS for network administration (6 Marks) QUESTION FOUR a) Define the following terms (8 Marks) i. Topology ii. Internetworking iii. Monitoring iv. Throughput b) Describe the four goals of network design in detail (8 Marks) c) Highlight four benefits of computer networks to an organization (4 Marks) QUESTION FOUR a) Describe the significance of the following commands (6 Marks) i. Ping ii. Tracert iii. Ipconfig b) List any two software tools which can be used for network management (2 Marks) c) Explain the steps involved when a host obtains an IP address from DHCP server (8 Marks) d) Differentiate between the following stating their functions in a network (4 Marks) i. HCC and VCC ii. MDF and IDF

The following terms are used in the table: • Public means that the public sector assumes wholly or predominantly this role or responsibility. • Private by fee contract means that the private sector is remunerated by a predetermined fee; established at tender stage. Incentive payments may be included but will be a marginal part of overall payment. • Private by performance-based maintenance contract means that the private sector is paid based on the level of service of the highway infrastructure, generally comprising a standard availability fee with penalties for below-standard performance. • Private by concession contract means that the private sector is paid based on user charges, availability payments or a mixture of both, as per the contract type

Physical infrastructure such as roads or railways involves construction risks. If the product is not delivered on time, exceeds cost estimates or has technical defects, the private partner typically bears the burden. The private partner faces availability risk if it cannot provide the service promised. For example, the company may not meet safety or other relevant quality standards when running a prison, hospital or school. Demand risk occurs when there are fewer users than expected for the service or infrastructure, such as toll roads, bridges or tunnels. If the public partner agreed to pay a minimum fee no matter the demand, that partner bears the risk.

For example, a city government might be heavily indebted, but a private enterprise might be interested in funding the project’s construction in exchange for receiving the operating profits once the project is complete. Public-private partnerships have contract periods of 25 to 30 years or longer. Financing comes partly from the private sector but requires payments from the public sector and/or users over the project’s lifetime. The private partner participates in designing, completing, implementing and funding the project, while the public partner focuses on defining and monitoring compliance with the objectives. Risks are distributed between the public and private partners according to the ability of each to assess, control and cope with them.

A public–private partnership (PPP, 3P or P3) is a cooperative arrangement between one or more public and private sectors, typically of a long term nature. Governments have used such a mix of public and private endeavours throughout history. However, the past few decades has seen a clear trend towards governments across the globe making greater use of various PPP arrangements Public-private partnerships between a government agency and private-sector company can be used to finance, build and operate projects, such as public transportation networks, parks and convention centres. Financing a project through a public-private partnership can allow a project to be completed sooner or make it a possibility in the first place. PPP is a long-term contractual relationship between the public sector and the private sector for the purpose of having the private sector deliver a project or service traditionally provided by the public sector. PPP projects do not minimize the public sector‟s responsibility to improve public services, only the methodology for its provision and procurement is different.