June 2022

PRINCIPLES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND MANAGEMENT MAY 2021 PAST PAPER – Click to view INTRODUCTION TO LAW AND ETHICS MAY 2021 PAST PAPER – Click to view FUNDAMENTAL ICT SKILLS MAY 2021 PAST PAPER – Click to view FUNDAMENTALS OF BUSINESS MATHEMATICS MAY 2021 PAST PAPER – Click to view FOUNDATION OF ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING MAY 2021 PAST PAPER – Click to view ELEMENTS OF PUBLIC FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION MAY 2021 PAST PAPER – Click to view PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING AND COMMUNICATION MAY 2021 PAST PAPER – Click to view

THURSDAY: 16 December 2021.                                                                    Time Allowed: 3 hours. This paper has three sections.  SECTION I has forty (40) multiple choice questions. SECTION II has twenty (20) short response questions.  SECTION III has one (1) essay question.  All questions are compulsory.  Marks allocated to each question are shown at the end of the question. SECTION I – 40 MARKS   Which of the following is a cause of biased listening? (a)           Prejudices. (b)           Semantic problems. (c)           Arguments. (d)           Noise.                                                                                                                                                                  ( 1 mark)   The last stage of communication cycle is (a)           Decoding. (b)           Reception. (c)           Feedback. (d)           Encoding.                                                                                                                                                           ( I mark)   Which of the following BEST describes the role of a marketing department? (a)           Creating marketing jobs. (b)           Developing a market for products. (c)           Promoting the business and mission of a business. (d)           Contributing to market efficiency.                                                                                                              ( I mark)   Which of the following are examples of convenience goods? (a)           Clothes and television. (b)           Headphones and bread. (c)           Mobile phones and coffee. (d)           Sodas and bricks.                                                                                                                                             ( I mark)   Lateral flow of communication occurs between (a)           Managers and customers. (b)           Employees in the same department. (c)           Employees in different organisations. (d)           Employees and managers.                                                                                                                             (1 mark)   Which of the following is a purpose of a notice of a meeting? (a)           To bring a meeting to order. (b)           To help the chair control the meeting. (c)           To inform the date of the meeting. (d)           To inform what is to be resolved.                                                                                                               (1 mark)   Which of the following is a variable of demographic segmentation? (a)           Lifestyle. (b)           Personality. (c)           Values. (d)           Sex.                                                                                                                                                                      ( I mark)   Which of the following statement is NOT true about customer feedback? (a)           Helps to create the best customer experience. (b)          Provides reliable source of information. (c)           Helps to increase the cost of production. (d)          Helps to improve customer retention.                                                                                                        (1 mark)   Which of the following is a reduction in price on purchase during a stated period? (a)           Sale. (b)           Discount. (c)           Allowance. (d)          Offer.                                                                                                                                                                   (1 mark)   Which of the following is a basic purpose of promotion? (a)           To increase customer perceptions. (b)          To increase customer preferences. (c)           To create competition. (d)          To create product differentiation.                                                                                                                (1 mark)   I 1.         Which of the following is a major skill required in customer service? (a)           Transparency. (b)           Problem solving. (c)           Efficiency. (d)          Proactive.                                                                                                                                                            (1 mark)   Which of the following statements about listening is correct? (a)           Hearing and listening are synonymous. (b)          Listening is a mental activity. (c)           Listening is effortless. (d)           Listening is a physical act.                                                                                                                            (1 mark)   Which of the following is a purpose of a marketing plan? (a)           To provide the framework on which to build new relationships. (b)           To guide on structuring and allocation of resources. (c)           To provide structure on funding and supporting an organisation. (d)          To reduce risks in an organisation.                                                                                                             (1 mark)   Which is the MOST important task of an interviewer? (a)           Listen carefully. (b)           Formulate effective questions. (c)           Make the interviewee comfortable. (d)          Take notes.                                                                                                                                                         (1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a reason for maintaining customer databases? (a)           Identify the most loyal customers. (b)           Sending gifts and discounts to loyal customers. (c)           Selling goods on credit to loyal customers. (d)           Sharing information about new products and special offers to loyal customers.                          ( I mark)   Which of the following is NOT a principle of effective communication? (a)           Completeness. (b)          Brevity. (c)           Comprehension. (d)          Wordy.                                                                                                                                                                (1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a price adjustment strategy? (a)           Segmented pricing. (b)          Promotional pricing. (c)           Geographical pricing. (d)           Free samples.                                                                                                                                                    (I mark)   A label performs several functions for a product EXCEPT (a)           Grading. (b)          Classifying. (c)           Describing. (d)          Promoting.                                                                                                                                                         (1 mark)   The first stage in analysing customer value is to (a)           Identify customers value attributes. (b)          Assess attributes importance. (c)           Assess performance of organisation. (d)          Assess competitors performance.                                                                                                               (1 mark)   Which statement below BEST explains when to use written means of communication? (a)           As a legal requirement. (b)          Message is brief. (c)          Need for a permanent record. (d)          No need for an immediate response.                                                                                                          (1 mark)   Which of the following visual aid could BEST reinforce speech presentation? (a)           Illustrations. (b)          Flipchart. (c)           Graphs. (d)          Billboard.                                                                                                                                                            (1 mark)   Elements of fear in the mind of a person leads to in communication. (a)           Closed mind. (b)          Lack of proper feedback. (c)           Negative attitude. (d)           Delayed response.                                                                                                                                            ( 1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a cause of failure of a new product? (a)           An underestimated market size. (b)           An incorrectly positioned product. (c)           Ineffective advertising. (d)          A poorly designed product.                                                                                                                           (1  mark)   The term marketing mix describes (a)           Analysis of the 4Ps. (b)          A series of business decisions that help in selling. (c)           The relationship between marketing, strengths and weaknesses. (d)          A blending of strategic elements to satisfy specific target markets.                                                 (1 mark)   The following are strategies for developing an effective presentation EXCEPT (a)           Determining the appropriate media. (b)          Tailoring the presentation to audience. (c)           The size of audience invited. (d)           Choosing appropriate visual aids.                                                                                                               (1 mark)   Which of the following sentences BEST states the technique of capturing audience attention? (a)           A statement made to surprise. (b)          Asking rhetoric questions. (c)           Asking introduction to the audience. (d)          Looking direct to the screen.                                                                                                                        (1 mark)   Which is the MAIN

WEDNESDAY:  15 December 2021.                                                                      Time Allowed: 3 hours. This paper has two sections. SECTION I has twenty (20) short response/computational questions. SECTION II has three (3) computational questions. All questions are compulsory. Marks allocated to each question are shown at the end of the question. Any assumptions made must be clearly and concisely stated. RATES OF TAX (Including wife’s employment, self-employment and professional income rates of tax). Year of income 2020. Assume that the following rates of tax applied throughout the year of income 2020: Monthly taxable pay                                       Annual taxable pay                                     Rate of tax (Sh.)                                                                   (Sh.)                                              % in each Sh. 1                        –       24,000                            1                        –     288,000                                   10% 24,001               –       40,667                           288,001             –     488,000                                   15% 40,668               –       57,334                           488,001             –     688,000                                   20% Excess over        –       57,334                           Excess over       –     688,000                                   25% Personal relief Sh.2,400 per month (Sh.28,800 per annum).   SECTION I – 40 MARKS Explain the meaning of “pay as you earn (PAYE)”. (2 marks) State the tax position on value of meals provided by the employer. (2 marks) Individual income tax returns should be filed on or before 30th June of the following year. Highlight the applicable penalty for late filing.                                                                                                                                                                                                       (2 marks) Identify the applicable advance tax rates for vans, pick-ups, trucks, prime movers and lorries. (2 marks) Explain the term “residential rental income” as used in taxation. (2 marks) In relation to Capital Gain Tax (CGT), indicate the applicable rate of tax and comment whether it is a final tax. (2 marks) Explain the term “equality” as a principle of taxation. (2 marks) Identify the term used when the producer transfers the tax burden to the final consumer. (2 marks) Explain the term “stamp duty” as used in taxation. (2 marks) Patrick Maloba works as an assistant accountant for Beta Ltd. He was provided with a saloon car of 2000cc by the company on 1 July 2020. The car had been purchased for Sh.1,800,000 in year 2019. Required: The taxable benefit (if any) during the year of income 2020 in relation to the saloon car provided by the employer.                (2 marks) James Mwatela an employee of Mamboleo Ltd. purchased a residential house through a mortgage loan advanced by XYZ Bank. The monthly interest payable on the loan was Sh.42,000.   Required: Advice James Mwatela, on the applicable monthly mortgage relief, in computation of his pay as you earn (PAYE).             (2 marks)   Mercy Cherono’s rental income for the month of November 2021 was Sh.246,000.   Required: Determine Mercy Cherono’s residential rental income tax payable, indicating the due date for tax payment. (2 marks) Indicate when and by what percentage should the taxpayers in the agricultural sector pay instalment tax. (2 marks) Highlight the two applicable rates for value added tax (VAT) purposes. (2 marks) Propose two conditions for a company to be considered as a resident in Kenya for tax purposes. (2 marks) The accountant of Luckystar Ltd. listed the following expenses in relation to bad debt: General provision for bad debts Sh.172,000 Bad debt written off Sh.84,000 Specific provision for bad debts Sh.93,000   Required: Identify the bad debt expense listed above (if any) that should be allowed for tax purposes.                                           (2 marks)   Apart from pay as you earn (PAYE), state two other statutory deductions. (2 marks) Kenland Enterprises generates Sh.400,000 per month on average in sales revenue. Advise the management of Kenland Enterprises whether they are supposed to register for value added tax (VAT) purposes.                                            (2 marks) After a tax presentation, Justus Mwania did not understand clearly what is meant by withholding tax. Required: Explain to him the meaning of “withholding tax”                                                                                                                      (2 marks) Erick Mwololo a dealer in electronic goods made a profit of Sh.3,240,600 in the year 2020. However, in the year 2019 he had made a loss of Sh.1,243,800 from the same business. Determine the taxable amount for the year (2 marks)   SECTION II QUESTION 21 Citing four reasons, justify why accounting profit is different from taxable profit.                                                         (8 marks) Deborah Sitati is employed by Talak Ltd. as a manager. She has provided the following information in relation to her employment income for the year ended 31 December 2020. Basic salary of Sh.87,500 per month (PAYE 35,900) per month. She was provided with a monthly commuter allowance of Sh.21,000. She received leave allowance equivalent to one month’s basic pay. She was provided with a saloon car of 2000cc. The car had been purchased at a cost of Sh.2,100,000. The company paid Sh.157,500 for her husband’s medical bills. The company’s medical scheme covered all employees. The company provided her with a fully furnished house. The cost of furniture was Sh.420,000. She was provided with a security guard and a cook whom the company paid monthly salaries of Sh.15,750 and Sh.21,000 respectively. She was given free goods worth Sh.60,000 by the company during the year. She is a member of a registered pension scheme where she contributed Sh.49,000 per month towards the scheme. The company paid Sh.315,000 for her son’s school fees. This amount was deducted as an expense in the books of Talak Ltd. She worked for 5 days out of her duty station during

WEDNESDAY: 15 December 2021.                                                                                   Time Allowed: 3 hours. This paper has two sections. SECTION I has twenty (20) short response/computational questions. SECTION II has three computational questions. ALL questions are compulsory. Marks allocated to each question are shown at the end of the question. Any assumptions made must be clearly and concisely stated. SECTION I – 40 MARKS State the accounting equation. (2 marks) Identify the accounting concept that assumes that an entity will continue in business in the foreseeable future. (2 marks) Highlight two causes of depreciation of assets such as buildings, furniture and fittings. (2 marks) Match the source document with the journal in which it is entered: Source document             Journal Sales invoice                          Sales returns Receipt                                   Purchases Credit note                             Sales Goods received note              Cash book. (2 marks) Explain the term “capital expenditure”. (2 marks) Define “error of omission”. (2 marks) A business has the following balances:                                                     Sh. Land                                       1,000,000 Machinery                                 200,000 Cash                                             10,000 Debentures                                200,000   Required: The value of the owner’s equity.                                                                                                                                         (2 marks) Outline two items that might be credited to the sales ledger control account. (2 marks) List two qualities of useful accounting information. (2 marks) Classify each of the following items as either an asset or a liability: Accounts receivable. Pre-paid rent. Machinery. Lighting accrued. (2 marks)   The following balances were extracted from the books of Zed Ltd. on 30 September 2021: Sh. Accrued administrative expenses (1 October 2020)                                                                                  972,800 Cash paid for administrative expenses during the year ended 30 September 2021                                 3,100,000 Accrued administrative expenses (30 September 2021)                                                                            704,600   Required: Administrative expenses account.                                                                                                                                       (2 marks)   Explain why the government might need accounting information. (2 marks)   State two classes of ledger accounts. (2 marks)   As at 1 July 2020, Julia had a rent pre-payment of Sh.600,000. She paid Sh.3,600,000 during the year ended 30 June 2021.   Required: The rent charged to the statement of profit or loss for the year ended 30 June 2021.                                                          (2 marks)   The following information relates to BZ Enterprises for the month of November 2021:                                                                       Sh. Adjusted bank balance                               490,000 Uncredited cheques                                      75,000 Unpresented cheques                                 120,000   Required: Bank reconciliation statement.                                                                                                                                             (2 marks)   K K purchased a motor vehicle for Sh.1,500,000 by cheque.   Required: Post the transaction in the relevant ledger accounts.                                                                                                            (2 marks)   Identify the ledger in which the account of each of the following can be found: Furniture.                                                                                                                                                             (1 mark) Robert, a debtor.                                                                                                                                                  (1 mark)   The following balances were extracted from the books of Happy House Ltd. as at 30 September 2021:                                                 Sh. Motor vehicles                       2,300,000 Inventory                                   150,000 Cash                                          220,000 Furniture                                    550,000   Required: Total non-current assets.                                                                                                                                      (1 mark) Total current assets.                                                                                                                                             (1 mark)   Highlight two contents of a partnership deed. (2 marks)   State the term used to describe the difference between cost price of an asset and net book value of the asset.  (2 marks)   SECTION II Thomas Haki’s trial balance as at 30 June 2021 is as follows:   Additional information: Inventory as at 30 June 2021 was valued at Sh.27,475,000.   Required: Statement of profit or loss for the year ended 30 June 2021.                                                       (12 marks) Statement of financial position as at 30 June 2021.                                                                           (8 marks) (Total: 20 marks)   Leah Loa started a business on 1 September 2021 with Sh.2,000,000 that she deposited in a business bank account. She made the following transactions during the month of September 2021: September 2021 2                      Withdrew Sh.500,000 from the bank for business use. 4                      Purchased goods on credit from Tom for Sh.600,000 and Jane for Sh.400,000. 6                      Purchased furniture for Sh.180,000 paying by cheque. 7                      Paid rent by cheque Sh.120,000. 9                      Sold goods on credit as follows: King Sh.250,000 and Paul Sh.190,000 12                   Paid Tom his account by cheque. 16                   Paid wages Sh.60,000 by cash. 22                   King paid his account by cash. 25                   Paid for painting of the shop Sh.25,000 in cash. 26                    Sold goods in cash for Sh.150,000 and received the money. She used it for her personal needs. Required: Post the accounting entries in the appropriate ledger accounts and balance them as at 30 September 2021. (15 marks) Trial balance as at 30 September 2021.                                                                                                  (5 marks) (Total: 20 marks)   Antony Muga is a small trader. The bank balance in the cash book and the balance as per the bank statement for Antony Muga for the month of March 2021 are as follows:   Required: Adjusted cash book for March 2021.                                                                                                    (10 marks) Bank reconciliation statement as at 31 March 2021.                                                                        (10 marks) (Total: 20 marks)

THURSDAY: 16 December 2021.                                                                        Time Allowed: 3 hours. This paper has three sections. SECTION I has forty (40) multiple choice questions. SECTION II has twenty (20) short response/computational questions. SECTION III has one (1) computational question. All questions  are      compulsory. Marks allocated to each question are shown at the end of the question. SECTION 1 – 40 MARKS Which one of this is unaffected by outliers? (a)            Mean (b)            Mode (c)           Standard deviation (d)      Range                                                                                                                                                                    (1  mark)   Since the mode is the most frequently occurring data value in the data distribution, it is: (a)            Always equal to the mean (b)            Larger than the mean (c)           At least two (d)           Always smaller than the median                                                                                                                            (1 mark)   The value of x if 3, 18 and x, 42 are in proportion is: (a)            6 (b)            54 (c)            7 (d)            3                                                                                                                                                                            (1 mark)   Which of the following is true about probability? (a)            The probability of an impossible event is 0 (b)            Probability can be greater than one (c)            Probability can be less than zero (d)            The probability of a sure event is 0                                                                                                                        ( 1 mark)   The transpose of a row matrix is a: (a)            Diagonal matrix (b)            Zero matrix (c)            Column matrix (d)            Identity matrix                                                                                                                                                       ( 1 mark)   Which of the following is an inverse of matrix A? (a)            A’ (b)            A (c)            Ac (d)            A                                                                                                                                                                           (1 mark)   When we factorise an expression, we write it as a of factors. (a)            Sum (b)           Difference (c)            Product (d)           Fraction                                                                                                                                                                 ( 1 mark)   8. Which of the following describes the number on top of a fraction? (a)            Number (b)            Denominator (c)            Numerator (d)            Factor   9. What type of a fraction is 9/7? (a)            Proper fraction (b)            Mixed number fraction (c)            Like fraction (d)            Improper fraction   10. Which of the following fractions is equivalent to 2/5 (a)            4/8 (b)            5/2 (c)            4/10 (d)             3/15   11. The data below shows marks scored by interviewees in an interview: 54,        80,       65,         75,       96. Which is the median mark? (a)            65 (b)            80 (c)            74 (d)            75   12. Mulwa, Mulei and Kingi earned Sh.50,000 in a joint venture business. his share in Sh. was: (a)             10,000 (b)            15,000 (c)            50,000 (d)            20,000   13. Which one of the following is not a frequency curve? (a)            Ogive (b)            Pictogram (c)            Histogram (d)            Polygon   14. If two events A and B are mutually exclusive, then (a)            They must be independent events (b)            They cannot be compliments (c)            They cannot happen together (d)            They can happen together   15. Which one of the following is not a measure of central tendency? (a)            Variance (b)            Mode (c)            Mean (d)            Median   Round off 0.36985 to three decimal places. (a)            0.369 (b)           0.378 (c)            0.370 (d)           0.37                                                                                                                                                                       (1 mark)   Convert a markup of to a margin. (a)            2/3 (b)            4/5 (c)            2/7 (d)           4/7 ( 1 mark) Matrix can be defined as: (a)            Identity matrix (b)            Scalar matrix (c)            Diagonal matrix (d)           Null matrix                                                                                                                                                            ( 1  mark)   Which of the following matrices has an inverse matrix?   A vendor bought an item for Sh.80 and later sold it at Sh.100. What was the profit margin as a percentage? (a)            25% (b)           20% (c)            40% (d)            10%                                                                                                                                                                       ( 1 mark)   There are 7 green apples and 5 red apples in a basket. What is the probability of picking a red apple? (a)             5/7 (b)             5/12 (c)             7/5 (d)             7/12                                                                                                                                                                      (1 mark)   In a box, there are 8 red, 7 white and 6 blue balls. If a ball is picked up at random, what is the probability that it is neither red nor blue. (a)            1/3 (b)            1/2 (c)            2/2 (d)           5/21   In a class there are 20 boys and 15 girls. The ratio of boys to girls is: (a)            3:3 (b)            3:4 (c)           4:5 (d)           None of the above.                                                                                                                                                (1 mark)   The probability of two events happening together is referred to as: (a)            Conditional probability (b)           Joint probability (c)           Sure probability (d)            Equivalent probability                                                                                                                                           (1 mark)   You deposit Sh.2,500 today in an account that earns 4% per annum interest compounded quarterly. How much will you have at the end of 10 years’? (a)            Sh.1,488.90 (b)            Sh.3,700.60 (c)            Sh.3,980.20 (d)            Sh.3,722.20                                                                                                                                                           (1 mark)   When 0.36 is written in simplest form, the sum of the numerator and denominator is: (a)            12 (b)            23 (c)           34 (d)            45                                                                                                                                                                          (1 mark)   In a cumulative frequency polygon, frequencies are plotted on: (a)           Rectangles (b)            X-axis (c)            Y-axis (d)           None of the above                                                                                                                                                 (1 mark)   Calculate the simple interest earned in 9 months if a sum of Sh.1,640 is invested in a bank at a rate of interest of 4.5% per annum: (a)            Sh.36.90 (b)            Sh.55.35 (c)            Sh.73.80 (d)            Sh.16.40                                                                                                                                                                (1 mark)   Under the straight line method of providing depreciation, the cost of an item; (a)            Decreases every year (b)            Remains constant every year (c)            Increases every year (d)           None of the above                                                                                                                                                  (1 mark)   The probability of getting

Thursday: 16 December 2021 Time Allowed: 3 hours. This paper has three sections. SECTION I has forty (40) multiple choice questions. SECTION II has twenty (20) short response questions. SECTION III has one (1) essay question. All questions are compulsory. Marks allocated to each question are shown at the end of the question.   SECTION I— 40 MARKS Which one of the following devices functions only as an input device? (a)            Hard disk drive (b)           Computer memory (c)            Computer monitor (d)     Scanner                                                                                                                              ( 1 mark)   What was the technology used in the third generation computers? (a)            Integrated circuits (b)           Vacuum tube (c)            Transistor (d)           Very large scale integration                                                                                                                                   ( 1 mark)   Which type of software that is best defined by the following; “Software which allows end users to perform and fulfil their tasks”? (a)            Operating system (b)           Application software (c)            Utilities software (d)           Programming software                                                                                                                                          (1 mark)   What is the name of a circuit board which connects most of the other devices on a computer? (a)            Processor (b)            Expansion slot (c)            Motherboard (d)           Monitor                                                                                                                                                                  ( 1 mark)   Which of the following is a primary feature of an operating system? (a)            Virus scanning (b)            File management (c)            Creating databases (d)            Web browsing                                                                                                                                                       ( 1 mark)   A company needs to develop a computerised system to manage its sales. Who is the most appropriate person to study this company’s requirements? (a)            Programmer (b)           Web designer (c)            Systems analyst (d)            System administrator                                                                                                                                             (1 mark)   In graphical user interface (GUI), what does the acronym WYSIWYG stand for? (a)            What You See Is What You Get (b)            Why you saw Is What You Got (c)            Where You See Is Where You Got (d)            What You See Is What You Got                                                                                                                  ( 1 mark)   Consider the following devices: X – Digital camera Y – Speaker Z – Hard disk                                                                                                                                                                     (1 mark)   Which of the above is/are usually used as an output device/devices of a computer? (a)           X only (b)           Y only (c)           X and Y only (d)           Y and Z only                                                                                                                                                     (1 mark)   In relation to e-mail, what does RE: or Re: in the subject box stand for? (a)           Receive (b)           Reference (c)           Reply (d)           Remember                                                                                                                                                          (1 mark)   Which one of the following is NOT a symptom of internet addiction disorder? (a)           Improved access to distance learning and online tutorials (b)           Difficulty maintaining healthy relationships when not online (c)           A sudden and drastic increase in your internet usage (d)           Friends and family expressing concern for the amount of time you spend online                       (1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the Internet? (a)           Nobody owns the Internet (b)           There is no centralised control (c)           It is a network of computer networks (d)           All the information available is accurate and reliable                                                                           (1 mark)   Which of the following is considered as raw data? (a)           Marks obtained by students in a class (b)           Sorted list of marks obtained by students in a class (c)           Maximum marks obtained by students in a class (d)           Average marks obtained by students in a class                                                                                       (1 mark)   What is the function of the CTRL + Z keyboard shortcut? (a)           Undo (b)           Copy (c)           Paste (d)           Cut                                                                                                                                                                        (I mark)   Which of the following input devices recognises the position of marks on paper? (a)           MICR (b)           OCR (c)           MIDI (d)           OMR                                                                                                                                                                    (1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a network device? (a)           Hub (b)           Printer (c)           Router (d)          OMR                                                                                                                                                                    (1 mark)   Which of the following is not a type of user interface? (a)           Command driven interface (b)          Menu driven interface (c)           Efficient based interface (d)          Direct manipulation interface                                                                                                                       (1 mark)   The ability to combine names and addresses with a standard document is called (a)            Document formatting (b)           Database management (c)            Mail merge (d)           Form letters                                                                                                                                                           (1 mark)   A spreadsheet function that displays only the data in column(s) according to specified criteria is called a (a)            Formula (b)           Sorter (c)            Filter (d)           Pivot                                                                                                                                                                      (1 mark) What type of diagram would you use to compare performance of two employees in the year 2020? (a)            Column chart (b)           Line chart (c)            Pie chart (d)           Dot chart                                                                                                                                                                (1 mark)   The feature of spreadsheet application quickly completes a series of data. (a)            Auto Complete (b)            Auto Fill (c)            Fill Handle (d)            Sorting                                                                                                                                                                  (1 mark)   Which type of field will you select if you need to enter long text in that field? (a)            Text (b)           Memo (c)            Currency (d)           Hyperlink                                                                                                                                                              (1 mark)   The columns in a database application table are also called (a)            Rows (b)           Records (c)            Fields (d)           Columns                                                                                                                                                                (1 mark)   Which of the following factors is not used when determining the processing power of a computer? (a)            Clock speed (b)            RAM size (c)            Register size (d)           Computer price                                                                                                                                                      (1 mark)   Which of the following data transmission modes is not valid? (a)            Simplex (b)           Double duplex (c)            Full duplex (d)           Half duplex                                                                                                                                                            (1 mark)   Which transmission medium is most appropriate to carry data in a computer network that is exposed to electromagnetic interference? (a)            Unshielded twisted pair (b)           Coaxial cable (c)            Microwave (d)            Optical fibre                                                                                                                                                          (1 mark)   Which of the following is a valid email address? (a)            tunaweza@point.com (b)           gmail.com (c)            tunawezapoint@.com (d)           tunawezapoint@business                                                                                                                                      ( 1 mark)   Which of the following types of software best represents the software designed to perform a specific task? (a)           Application software (b)           Synchronous software (c)            Package software (d)           System software                                                                                                                                                  (1 mark)   Which network topology requires a central hub? (a)            Bus (b)           Star (c)            Mesh (d)           Ring                                                                                                                                                                      (1 mark)   The

WEDNESDAY: 15 December 2021.                                                              Time Allowed: 3 hours. This paper has three sections.  SECTION 1 has forty (40) multiple choice questions.  SECTION II has twenty (20) short response questions.  SECTION III has one (1) essay question.  All questions are compulsory.  Marks allocated to each question are shown at the end of the question. SECTION I – 40 MARKS Identify the statement that BEST describes “morals”. (a)           How all people behave. (b)           The way the government expects us to behave. (c)           How the law expects us to behave. (d)           Ways in which people are able to distinguish between right from wrong.                                      (1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a branch of civil law? (a)           Family law. (b)           Law relating to traffic offences. (c)           Law relating to contracts. (d)           Law relating to succession.                                                                                                                           (1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a function of law? (a)           Law promotes good governance. (b)           Law provides legal remedies. (c)           Law assists in the maintenance of peace and order. (d)           Law helps citizens of a country to be morally upright.                                                                        (1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT an advantage of statute law? (a)           It is the best source of law. (b)           It is dynamic. (c)           It is uniformly applied. (d)           It is democratic in nature.                                                                                                                             ( 1 mark)   Which statement BEST describes a declaratory precedent? (a)           Where parliament declares a judicial precedent as declaratory. (b)           Where the judge has applied an existing legal principle or proposition of law in a subsequent case. (c)           Where there was no previous decision on a point of law. (d)           Where the judges avoid following a previous decision which they would otherwise be bound to follow.   (1 mark)   Which of the following United Kingdom statutes is NOT a source of law in Kenya? (a)           The Admiralty Offences (Colonial) Act,    1849. (b)           The Evidence by Commission Act, 1885. (c)           The Companies Act, 1862. (d)           The Evidence Act, 1851.                                                                                                                                ( 1 mark)   In determination of cases under Islamic Law, Kadhi’s courts DO NOT have jurisdiction over matters relating to: (a)           Personal status. (b)           Social development. (c)           Marriage. (d)           Inheritance.                                                                                                                                                       (1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a feature of common law? (a)           Developed as a complete system of law. (b)           Developed from customs, usages and practices of English people. (c)           Developed on the basis of principal of fairness and justice. (d)           Developed on the basis of the writ system and stare decisis.                                                            (1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a way of terminating an offer of a contract? (a)           Counter offer. (b)          Lapse of time. (c)           Rejection. (d)          Renegotiating the contract.                                                                                                                            (1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a subordinate court? (a)           Employment and labour relations court. (b)           Magistrate court. (c)           Courts Martial. (d)          Kadhis court.                                                                                                                                                     (1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a form of delivery in relation to sale of goods? (a)           Physical transfer of goods. (b)          Delivery of the means of control. (c)           Delivery by atonement. (d)           Delivery to a relative of the owner of the goods.                                                                                   (1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a reason that may lead a principal under agency law to sue or take court actions against the agent? (a)           If an agent has acted in breach of contract. (b)           If an agent has been declared bankrupt. (c)           Where the agent acted in good faith. (d)          To ascertain what the agent has in possession.                                                                                       (1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT found in Chapter Six of the Kenyan Constitution 2010 on leadership and integrity? (a)           Conduct of state officers. (b)           Rights and fundamental freedoms. (c)           Financial integrity of state officers. (d)           Establishment of Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission.                                                               (1 mark)   A public officer is NOT restricted by law from: (a)           Retaining any gifts received in official capacity. (b)          Accepting a monetary gift. (c)           Soliciting for monetary contributions from the public. (d)          Operating a bank account in Kenya.                                                                                                           (1 mark)   Which statement BEST describes “integrity”? (a)           Quality of having strong ethical principles that are followed at all times. (b)          An obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to account for one’s actions. (c)           The state or fact of having a duty to deal with something or of having control over someone. (d)           Moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conduct of an activity.                          (1 mark)   Which of the following statement describes deontological ethical theories? (a)           They are based on one’s ability to predict the consequences of an action. (b)          The rights established by the society are protected and given the highest priority. (c)          A person is judged by an action that may deviate from his/her normal behavior. (d)          People should adhere to their obligations and duties when engaged in decision making when ethics are at play.        (1 mark)   In dispute resolution, the High Court might appoint an arbitrator or an umpire. In which of the following cases is the High Court NOT empowered by the law to appoint an arbitrator? (a)           The parties fail to appoint a single arbitrator as required. (b)           Where the appointed arbitrator refuses to do his job. (c)           Where two arbitrators appoint a third arbitrator. (d)           Where two arbitrators are required but only one is appointed.                                                          ( 1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a dispute resolution mechanism? (a)           Conflict resolution. (b)           Arbitration. (c)            Mediation. (d)           Negotiation.                               ( 1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a function of the Judiciary? (a)            Interpret law. (b)           Resolve disputes. (c)            Protect the rules of natural justice. (d)           Make laws.                                                                                                                                                           (1 mark)   The Court of Appeal is normally bound by its own previous decisions in civil cases as well

WEDNESDAY: 15 December 2021.                                                                         Time Allowed: 3 hours. This paper has three sections.  SECTION 1 has forty (40) multiple choice questions. SECTION 11 has twenty (20) short response questions.  SECTION III has one (1) essay question.  All questions are compulsory.  Marks allocated to each question are shown at the end of the question. SECTION I – 40 MARKS Which of the following BEST explains the practice of empowering employees by valuing their ideas and converting them into profitable undertakings? (a)            Entrepreneurship. (b)            Intrapreneurship. (c)            Creativity. (d)            Innovation.                                                                                                                                                            ( 1 mark)   Identify one method of generating new business ideas. (a)            Brainstorming. (b)           Screening. (c)            Newspapers. (d)            Hobbies.                                                                                                                                                                ( 1 mark)   Which one of the following is NOT a factor to consider while choosing a business entry option? (a)            Government regulation. (b)            Commencement date. (c)            Areas of operation. (d)            Risks involved.                                                                                                                                                      ( 1 mark)   Which of the following is a limitation of debt finance? (a)            It is a short-term finance. (b)            Only available in small quantities. (c)            It dilutes ownership. (d)            Interest is a legal obligation.                                                                                                                                  (1 mark)   Identify one legal requirement for a start-up business. (a)            Accessibility to customers. (b)           Enough capital. (c)           Business name. (d)            Qualified employees.                                                                                                                                             (1 mark)   Which of the following is a personal characteristic of a successful entrepreneur? (a)            Dependent. (b)            Fears risk. (c)            Intolerant. (d)            Confident.                                                                                                                                                              (1 mark)   Which one of the following BEST explains the process of helping small start-up businesses to  become self-sustaining? (a)            Business incubation. (b)            Business angels. (c)            Business training. (d)            Business finance.                                                                                                                                                  ( 1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a component of the marketing mix? (a)            People. (b)            Profit. (c)            Place. (d)            Physical evidence.                                                                                                                                                 (1 mark)   Identify one type of entrepreneur. (a)            Manager. (b)           Networker. (c)            Drone. (d)            Risk taker.                                                                                                                                                             (1 mark)   Which of the following BEST explains a business model where successful entrepreneurs allow other businesses to market goods and services under their brand names? (a)            Joint venture. (b)            Partnership. (c)            Cooperative. (d)            Franchising.                                                                                                                                                          ( 1 mark)   Identify one reason that has led to the popularity of microfinance institutions in your country. (a)            Accessible to low income earners. (b)           Give small amounts of money. (c)            Require security. (d)            They are located near customers.                                                                                                                           (1 mark)   Which statement best explains why it is important to create a schedule in the process of launching a new product? (a)            Ensures customers are informed of the new product. (b)            Ensures tasks are completed in time. (c)            Ensures that the product is tested. (d)            Ensures the product satisfies customers’ needs.                                                                                                    (1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a factor that an entrepreneur could consider while identifying a target market? (a)            Size. (b)           Competition. (c)            Availability of buildings. (d)            Income levels.                                                                                                                                                        ( 1 mark)   Identify one factor that an entrepreneur could consider while choosing a business location. (a)            Promotion of products. (b)            Labour. (c)            Business management. (d)           Business plan.                                                                                                                                                       (1 mark)   Which one of the following is a source of short-term finance? (a)            Equity. (b)            Debentures. (c)            Bank overdraft. (d)            Retained earnings.                                                                                                                                                 (1 mark)   Identify one way that the government could promote entrepreneurship in your country. (a)            Laws and regulations. (b)           Corruption. (c)            Buying from importers. (d)            Building training institutions.                                                                                                                                ( 1 mark)   Which one of the following is an objective of evaluating a business idea? (a)            Ensure it is well known by the customers. (b)           Ensure that is tested by customers. (c)            Ensure that it is not against competitor’s expectations. (d)           Ensure it is not against society’s expectations.                                                                                                       (1 mark)   Identify one reason why an entrepreneur could choose to start a sole proprietorship form of business. (a)           Limited liabilities. (b)           Large capital. (c)           High secrecy. (d)           Sharing risks.                                                                                                                                                    (1 mark)   Which one of the following is an objective of sending free samples to influencers before launching a new product? (a)           They are likely to buy more products. (b)          They have a lot of money to buy products. (c)           They are likely to share the samples with others. (d)          They are likely to share details with followers.                                                                                      (1 mark)   Which one of the following BEST explains the art of getting things done through the efforts of other people? (a)           Delegation. (h)          Management. (c)           Leadership. (d)           Authority.                                                                                                                                                           ( 1 mark)   Identify one role performed by lower level management. (a)           Long-term planning. (b)           Appointment of other managers. (c)           Setting up the overall organisation’s goal. (d)           Supervising operating employees.                                                                                                               (1 mark)   Which one of the following BEST explains the management function of monitoring plans to ensure that they are being followed? (a)           Controlling. (b)           Motivation. (c)           Co-ordination. (d)           Evaluation.                                                                                                                                                         (1 mark)   Identify one type of skill that a manager may require to effectively interact and work with other people. (a)           Conceptual skills. (b)           Interpersonal skills. (c)           Management skills. (d)           Strategic thinking skills.                                                                                                                                (1 mark)   Which of the following is a characteristic of an efficient filing system? (a)           Confidential. (b)           Large. (c)           Accessibility. (d)           Authorised.                                                                                                                                                        (1 mark)   Which of the following BEST explains the summary tasks, roles and responsibilities of a specific job in an organisation? (a)           Job description. (b)           Job specification. (c)           Job enrichment. (d)           Job analysis.                                                                                                                                                      (1 mark)   Which of the following represents a decision that a manager may require to make at the start-up stage of a business? (a)           Recruit more staff. (b)           Diversification. (c)           Business closure. (d)           Location.                                                                                                                                                            (1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a technique that could be used to motivate employees? (a)           Recognition. (b)           Working conditions. (c)           Job security. (d)           Hiring employees.                                                                                                                                            ( 1 mark)   Which of the following is NOT a reason for installing ventilations in office buildings? (a)           Ensure health and safety of employees. (b)           To comply with the law.

PRINCIPLES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND MANAGEMENT DECEMBER 2021 PAST PAPER – Click to view INTRODUCTION TO LAW AND ETHICS DECEMBER 2021 PAST PAPER – Click to view FUNDAMENTAL ICT SKILLS DECEMBER 2021 PAST PAPER – Click to view FUNDAMENTALS OF BUSINESS MATHEMATICS DECEMBER 2021 PAST PAPER – Click to view FOUNDATIONS OF ACCOUNTING DECEMBER 2021 PAST PAPER – Click to view ELEMENTS OF TAXATION DECEMBER 2021 PAST PAPER – Click to view PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING AND COMMUNICATION DECEMBER 2021 PAST PAPER – Click to view

INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. Section A (30 marks) 1. Spreadsheets are examples of _______________software. A. Application B. Inbuilt C. System D. Shareware 2. Which one of the following key combination is used to cut selected text and save it to the clipboard ready to paste elsewhere? A. Crtl+X B. Ctrl+End C. Ctrl+W D. Ctrl+Home 3. Identify a feature in office applications that is part of the spell checker to correct common spelling or typing errors, saving time for the user. A. Auto Format B. Autocorrect C. Auto Change D. Smart tags 4. Which one of the following is a cell reference that adjusts and change when copied for example using auto-fill such as SUM (B9:B15)? A. Relative B. Absolute C. Active D. Anchor 5. __________________shows the different levels of headings as designated by the styles applied in your document. A. Outline view B. Notes page view C. Slide sorter D. Slide show 6. The left border, Right border and Center are part of horizontal alignment for Data in a cell. A. True B. False 7. Which one of the following key combination is used to open an existing power-point document? A. Ctrl+ C B. Ctrl+ O C. Ctrl+ E D. Ctrl+ U 8. _____________ function returns the correct position of sorted or unsorted data. A. Sum() B. LCM() C. Sort() D. Rank() 9. Which one of the following is a technology used to combine information from different applications into your tables in access? A. Ole Object B. Memo C. Lookup Wizard D. Hyperlink 10. _______________refers to set of instructions started by the user, program, or operating system. A. Thread B. Software C. Process D. Service 11. __________________is used to control the margins of your page and the indentation of paragraphs. A. Margin B. Padding C. Ruler D. Ribbon 12. _____serves as a starting point for a new document in windows. A. Workbook B. Macros C. Template D. Modules 13. The introductory slide in a presentation is known as? A. Main slide B. Title slide C. Bullet slide D. Table slide 14. When ____________is pressed it moves the cursor to the beginning of a line? A. End B. Page Down C. Home D. Insert 15. Which feature of a word processor is used to check synonyms of the text? A. Spelling B. Thesaurus C. Find D. Mail merge 16. Which of the following is the method for increasing text to make it legible? A. Ctrl+Z B. CTRL++ C. View D. Home 17. An intersection between a row and a column is known as? A. Data B. Cell C. Row D. Column 18. Which of the following is produced using a publishing software? A. Calendars B. Reports C. Analysis D. Presentations 19. Which of the following controls all information about the theme, layout, background, color, fonts, and positioning of all slides? A. File settings B. Main slide C. Master slide D. Settings file 20. A field that uniquely identifies a record is known as? A. Primary key B. Alternate key C. Main record D. Foreign key 21. Which of the following is true about default printer in a computer system? A. The printer that prints all jobs unless specified. B. Printer connected directly to a computer C. Printer connected through a network D. Plug and play printer 22. Which of the following is an input as well as output device? A. Touch screen Mouse B. Keyboard C. Printer 23. Which one of the following accounts allow users to carry out tasks that require special permissions, such as installing software or renaming a computer? A. Administrator account B. Standard account C. Guest account D. Default account 24. __________________ is used to navigate the file system and manage the folders, sub-folders, and applications on storage media. A. Internet explorer B. Finder C. Vscode D. File explorer 25. Which one of the following is a logical function that returns one return one value if a condition is true and another value if it’s false? A. SUM B. COUNTIF C. AND                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    D. IF 26. Which of the following keys opens the help window? A. F12 B. F1 C. F8 D. F9 27. Which one of the following uses is NOT associated with Excel?                                                                                                                          A. Financial analysis B. Charting and graphing C. Statistical Analysis D. Programming 28. _________________ are animation-like effects that happen when you move from one slide to the next during a presentation. A. Slide view B. Slide show C. Slide Sorter D. Slide transitions 29. Which one of the following is used to select the objects that you want to have the same formatting in PowerPoint? A. Ctrl+Shift+V B. Ctrl+Shift+C C. Ctrl+Shift+Drag D. Ctrl+Shift+> 30. _______________is an Access object used to view, analyze, or modify data. A. Worksheets B. Form C. Queries D. Reports. QUESTION 32 Consider the following information. Slide 1 War and warfare By James Slide 2 Causes of war Types of war Popular war equipment Dealing with war Slide 3 Causes of war Religion. Nationalism. Revenge. Civil

TIME: 3HRS INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. MARKS ALLOCATED TO EACH QUESTION ARE SHOWN QUESTION 1 Which one of the following is a module that contains several random access memory (RAM) chips on a small circuit board with pins that connect to the computer motherboard. A. DIMM B. SIMM C. SDRAM D. DDRAM QUESTION 2 A client called customer care and reported her computer doesn’t display images. Which one among the following is LEAST likely to be the cause of the problem? A. Defective RAM (bank zero) B. Crashed hard drive C. Defective microprocessor D. Loose video card QUESTION 3 Miss Zawadi was installing a new hardrive and saw the following message “invalid media device”. Suggest a suitable solution to solve the problem. A. Format hard disk B. Run fdisk C. Partition hardisk D. Install another operating system QUESTION 4 Identify the statement that best describes Central Processing Unit (CPU). A. The device that sends the monitor signals telling it what to display B. The area that regulates all of the system power usage C. The area where ail the of the Basic input/output routines are stored D. The area where all of the processing takes place QUESTION 5 Which one of the following uses anti-static strap to make sure a technician doesn’t become the least path of resistance to the ground? A. Capacitor B. Resistor C. Diode D. Transistor QUESTION 6 Hardrive is a non-volatile storage device. Which of the following is a type of computer hard drive? a) Floppy disk drive (FDD) b) Integrated drive electronics (IDE) c) Small computer system interface (SCSI) d) Enhanced Integrated Drivel Electronics (EIDE) QUESTION 7 The type of connector is used to plug a telephone line into a modem is known as __________ a) COM1 b) RJ-11 c) RJ-45 d) RJ-10 QUESTION 8 Power connectors p8 and p9 can be plugged into the system board. Which of the following statements is true? A. The black wires of both connectors should NOT be next to each other B. P8 and P9 don’t plug into the system board C. The black wires of both connectors should be next to each other D. It doesn’t matter which way you plug them in, the voltages are the same QUESTION 9 Which of the following interrupt is reserved for floppy drive controller A. IRQ 1 B. IRQ 4 C. IRQ 5 D. IRQ 6 QUESTION 10 Random access memory (RAM) is a high-speed component in devices that temporarily stores all information a device needs for the present and future. Which one among the following is NOT a type of RAM? A. Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) B. Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) C. Read Only Memory (ROM) D. Single inline pin package (SIPP) QUESTION 11 Which of the following statement best describes the term Bandwidth? A. The speed at which data can be transferred from the server to the client. B. A measurement of how much information can be carried in a given period (usually a second) over a wired or wireless communications link. C. A unit of information or computer storage is equal to one billion bytes. D. None of the above. QUESTION 12 __________is a type of port that communicates information to a peripheral device one bit at a time. A. Serial port B. Parallel port C. Optical port D. USB port QUESTION 13 Identify the statement which BEST describes modem: A. A device that allows you to connect your PC to an internet service. B. A piece of computer software that is used to browse the web. (e.g., Internet Explorer) C. An interconnected group of computers.                                                                                                                                                                      D. A program that prevents other people on the Internet from accessing your computer and your files. QUESTION 14 ___________would help a technician set a multimeter to detect an AC ripple. A. AC Voltage B. DC Voltage C. Standard Voltage D. Watt QUESTION 15 Combinations of keys can be entered one key at a time rather than by pressing two or more keys simultaneously. This feature is most likely to BENEFIT one who: A. lacks confidence when using a keyboard. B. is only able to use one hand when entering data with a keyboard. C. needs to use the mouse rather than the keyboard for all tasks. D. uses an oversized keyboard because of a visual impairment QUESTION 16 Which one of the following components interface directly with the motherboard Southbridge chipset? A. Video card B. RAM C. Hardrive D. PCI slot QUESTION 17 Which type of memory retains data bits in its memory as long as power is being supplied? A. RAM B. SRAM C. DRAM D. ROM QUESTION 18 Mr. Pepswa a long a human resource specialist is seeking an advice on how to get additional storage space on his older computer. Which one of the following should he look for in order to add additional storage space to his old computer? A. Adequate Random-Access Memory. B. The version of Basic Input and Output system. C. The type of the hard drive. D. The available PATA/SATA connection. QUESTION 19 Communication between the CPU and other Components in the motherboard is controlled by __________. A. Chipset B. RAM C. ROM D. CMOS QUESTION 20 Computer cases can easily be a hazard to technician. When opening a computer case, which one of the following is considered a good safety precaution? A. Remove the cover of the computer case before removing other parts. B. Place tape over the case edges that are sharp C. Remove the connections

MONDAY: 4 April 2022. Afternoon paper. Time Allowed: 3 hours. Answer ALL questions. Each question is allocated one (1) mark. 1. A ________________ links the sender to the receiver. (a) Feedback. (b) Channel. (c) Pipe. (d) Communication.                                                     (1 mark) 2. The _________________ in the use of words might be a barrier to effective communication. (a) Distortion. (b) Disturbance. (c) Discrimination. (d) Disorder.                                                                  (1 mark) 3. Communication without words is known as__________________________. (a) Object communication. (b) Written communication (c) Non-verbal communication. (d) Oral communication.                                          (1 mark) 4. Which of the following is not included in the communication cycle? (a) Sender. (b) Message. (c) Receiver. (d) Programming.                                                    (1 mark) 5. _____________________ is the person who transmits the message. (a) Feedback. (b) Channel. (c) Sender. (d) Receiver.                                                              (1 mark) 6. Interference to communication is known as______________________________. (a) Sender. (b) Receiver. (c) Barrier. (d) Channel.                                                              (1 mark) 7. Pitch, loudness, duration, intonation and tempo of communication is referred to as___________________. (a) Touches. (b) Prosody. (c) Gestures. (d) Haptics.                                                               (1 mark) 8. Complaint letters are also referred to as___________________________. (a) Persuasive letters. (b) Claim letters.                                                                                                                                                                                                                   (c) Formal letters. (d) Sales letters.                                                       (1 mark) 9. Communication that takes place between members of the same organisation is called_____________________. (a) External communication. (b) Formal communication. (c) Information communication. (d) Internal communication.                               (1 mark) 10. Which of the following writing styles is suitable for a memo? (a) Informal. (b) Formal. (c) Neutral. (d) Impersonal.                                                       (1 mark) 11. Communication is part of ________________________ skills for managers in an organisation. (a) Soft. (b) Hard. (c) Neutral. (d) Managerial.                                                        (1 mark) 12. ___________________ is the response to a sender’s message. (a) Channel. (b) Relay. (c) Distortion. (d) Feedback.                                                          (1 mark) 13. A _____________________ context highlights the similarity of backgrounds between the receiver and the sender. (a) Chronological. (b) Cultural. (c) Political. (d) Physical.                                                            (1 mark) 14. Dress code is an example of __________________________________ communication. (a) Verbal. (b) Non-verbal. (c) Political. (d) Physical.                                                          (1 mark) 15. A letter that announces some information as message to large number of people at a time is called____________? (a) Notice. (b) Circular. (c) Memo. (d) Letter.                                                               (1 mark) 16. Oral communication concentrates on _______________________________? (a) Body language. (b) Language and tone of voice. (c) Facial expression. (d) Listening and hearing.                                (1 mark) 17. Visual communication depends on the following factors: (a) Signs, symbols and pictures. (b) Text messages. (c) Posture. (d) Body language.                                            (1 mark) 18. ___________________________ is the final step in the communication cycle. (a) Encoding.