September 10, 2022

Questions and Answers KCSE 2020 Geography Paper 2 1.(a) What is dairy farming?(2 marks) Dairy farming is the practice of keeping animals for milk (b) State two physical conditions that favour dairy farming in Kenya.(2 marks)   High to moderate rainfall of about 500-2500mm per year or constant supply of water from rivers Deep well drained fertile volcanic loamy soils for pasture growth Cool/warm to moderately hot conditions with temperatures ranging between 10-29°c Continuous availability of natural pastures Gently sloping landscape which can be adulating2.(a) Differentiate between fishing and fisheries.(2 marks) Fishing is the exploitation of water resources while fisheries are water bodies that contain fish and other resources of interest that merit fishing (b) Give three reasons why fish farming is being encouraged in Kenya.(3 marks)   Create job opportunities within the fishing sector and other related sectors like filleting industry, fertilizer making transport. Farmers sell fish from the farms to earn income Fish farming is one way of diversifying the countries economies cushioning it from economic shock waves Fish farming utilizes small space of land leaving land for other economic activities, suitable for ever reducing land sizes due to population increase Fish farms are owned by individuals therefore practiced under proper land tenure systems this prevents territorial conflicts Fish farms provide fish that is quality animal protein with low cholesterol preferred by many. Fish from fish farms are exported to earn the country foreign exchange Fishing activities on farms have promoted other related industries like net making, transportation, Hotels In malaria prone areas, fish farming is encouraged since it feeds on mosquito larvae, stopping lifecycle of malaria It’s the best way of using waterlogged swampy areas which would otherwise be useless. Large fish farms allow sport fishing. Majority of food leftovers in the homes, can be feed to fish this minimises food wastage Timing or monitoring of fish maturity, can be done, there estimated time for harvesting can be determined3.a. Apart from coal, name two other non-renewable sources of energy.(2 marks)   Natural gas Petroleum/crude oil uraniumb. Give three reasons why the use of coal as an industrial fuel has declined.(3 marks)   Coal is not eco-friendly, dirty and sooty During its use, it produces greenhouse gases against the Kyoto protocol leading to climate change Industries are adopting new technology with engines which are more fuel efficient, lowering cost of production Its continuous use completely depletes it, since very few countries has it Its difficult and expensive to mine since mines are getting deeper More appealing and efficient forms of energy like solar, geothermal, nuclear has been invented pushing coal down the energy pecking order. Most countries don’t have coal as a fuel reserve Most mines are getting exhausted therefore industries shifting to other sources New machines being produced now don’t consider coal as most common source of energy The increasing cost to transport it from its source to destination due to is bulkiness The low calorific value of coal makes other sources more appealing leading to its neglect.4.(a) Name three agricultural non-food processing industries found in Kenya.(3 marks)   Aloe Vera medicated processing Bee-wax/ candle processing Cotton and textile industries titex, rivertex Kakuzi sisal fibre processing Pulp and paper industries (RAIPLY WOODS timsales) Pyrethrum processing industries in Nakuru Tana river leather tanning Tobacco industries mastermind Kenya, BAT Woollen processing ken knit(b) Give two reasons why some industries should be located near the market.(2 marks)   It’s expensive, risky to transport fragile goods to distance markets Some products are bulky, therefore market should be considered before location of the industry Some products are very perishable therefore require ready nearby market5. Use the map of Africa below to answer question a(i) and (ii). (a) Name the: (i) transcontinental highways in Africa marked L and M:(2 marks) L – Trans Saharan highway (ii) town marked S.(1 mark) Lagos (b) List three advantages of road transport.(3 marks)   Initial cost of its establishment is cheaper compared to railway and air transport It accommodates various varieties and sizes of automobiles It suits many modes of transport vehicle foot, animal porterage Its fast over short distances Its flexible or found everywhere all other means depend on it to complete the journey Its wide spread in remote areas Unlike other means of transport, it can be used as its being constructedSECTION B Answer question 6 and any other question from this section. 6. The table below shows estimated production of selected crops in Kenya in 2013. Use it to answer question (a).   Crops Production (Number of bags) Maize 38,900,000 Beans 6,100,000 Sorghum 1,800,000 Millet 700,000 Source: Economic Survey of Kenya, 2014 (a)(i) Using a radius of 5 cm. draw a pie chart to represent the data in the table above.(9 marks) Total No. of Bags produced =47,500,000 Maize = 38900000 × 360/47500000 =294.8211° Beans = 6100000 × 360/47500000 =46.23158° Sorghum = 1800000 × 36047500000 =13.64211°   Millet = 700000 × 360/47500000 =5.305263o (ii) Apart from pie chart. name two statistical methods that can be used to   Compound bar graph Divided rectangle Proportional circles Simple bar graphrepresent the data in the table(2marks) (b) State three disadvantages of using pie charts to represent statistical data.(3 marks)   From the pie chart its difficult to extract exact value of commodity if the total is not shown Involves a lot of calculations taking time which could be used for answering other questions Its difficult for a pie chart to show the changed in the trend of production Its difficult to measure and represent small angles with decimal points It works on the agreed belief that any circle should be 360° which is a mathematical concept without giving reasons why its so Its only suitable when few segments are to be drawn but may be impossible to represent if they are very many The reasons are not given why the circle should be 5cm radius when other measurements are used segments are the same(c) Explain how each of the following social factors influence Agriculture: (i) Land

Questions and Answers Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 2020 Geography Paper 1 Section A Answer all the questions in this section. 1.(a) Define the term environment.(2 marks) It’s a place, site, situation, surrounding, setting, or domain with conditions that influence the behaviour of any organism. (b) Name two divisions of physical Geography.(2 marks)   Geomorphology Climatology Meteorology Pedology Geology Hydrology Oceanograph2.(a) Give three characteristics of comets.(3 marks)  They orbit around the sun They have a nucleus within the head They have a head surrounding the nucleus It has a tail always pointing away from the sun It sublimes as it nears the sun due to suns heat Carbon dioxide, water ices silicates, and fine dust are its main components Check if the student captured traits while in motion or stationary (b) State three proofs that show the shape of the earth is spherical(3 marks) During lunar eclipse the shape of the shadow of the earth casted on the moon surface is spherical in shape At the coast the approaching vessels the topmost part of vessels will appear first before the whole body of the vessel is seen, if the earth was flat the whole vessel will be seen wholly once Photographs taken by space satellites shows the earth to be spherical in shape On any high tower on the earth surface, the horizon of the earth appears curved A plane set flying fast in a straight line will eventually find if self where it started without flying back this will never happen if the earth was flat All other planets are spherical in shape the earth being one of them it must also be spherical The rising and setting of the sun is a strong evidence that our earth is spherical3.(a) Give two types of igneous rocks.(2 marks)  Extrusive Intrusive(b) Identify three uses of rocks.(3 marks)  Pumice is used for bathing Marble is used for house decorations Coal is use heating in industrial processes Basalts is mixed with tar for tarmacking roads Obsidian granite rocks are used for sculpturing Limestone rocks are raw materials for production of cement Hard rough rocks like diorite are used for sharpening knifes4. The table below shows the rainfall and temperature data for town Y. Use it to answer  Month J F M A M J J A S O N D Temperature (ºC) 21 21 20 18 15 14 13 13 15 16 18 20 Rainfall (mm) 24 25 30 74 17 143 131 126 70 55 31 27 (a)(i) What is the mean annual range of temperature?(1 mark) 21°c-13°c = 8°c (ii) Calculate the rainfall totals for town Y.(1 mark) 24+25+30+74+17+143+131+126+70+55+31+27 = 753 mm of rainfall (b) State three climatic conditions experienced in the hot deserts.(3 marks)   Low rainfall/ below 250mm a year High temperatures through out the year/ over 35°C The diurnal range of temperatures is very large/ hot days and cool nights Low humidity/ below 45% Skies are cloudless/ clear There are strong dusty winds/ sand storms/ dry winds5.(a) Differentiate between ocean and sea.(2 marks)An ocean is a large/ extensive body of saline water occupying a basin between continents, while a sea is a large body of saline water along the continental margins (b) The diagram below shows some coastal features. Name the features marked E, F, and G. (3 marks) E- blowhole/ gloup F – Cave G – Cliff Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section. 6. Study the map of Kijabe 1:50,000 provided and answer the following questions. (a)(i) Convert the scale of the map extract into a statement scale.( 2 marks)1cm rep 50 0005 000 cm = 50 000/100000 = 0.5 KM (ii) What is the bearing of the pump house at grid square 3893 from the trigonometrical station at Mweri?( 2 marks) 300o±1, N60oW±1 (iii) Calculate the area of the part of the forest to the east of easting 40 and south of northing 97. Give your answer in square kilometres.(2 marks) full squares = 15 ½ squares =20 →20/2=10 = 15 + 10= 25 =25 ± 1 (b)(i) Apart from forest, give three types of natural vegetation found in the area covered by the map.(3 marks)   Thicket Woodland Scrub Bamboo Scattered trees(ii) Identify the three river drainage patterns found in the area covered by the map.(3 marks)  Radial drainage pattern Dendritic drainage pattern Parallel drainage pattern(c)(i) Using a vertical scale of 1 cm to represent 100 metres, draw a cross section from the water tank on grid square 2592 to the peak of Kijabe hill on grid square 2699. (4 marks) (ii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross section.(2 marks)VS = = 1:100m = 1: 10 000 = 1 x 5HS 1:50 000cm 1: 50 000 5 times (d) Citing evidence from the map, identify two economic activities in the area covered by the map.(4 marks)   Economic activity Evidence – Transportation – Roads/ railway/motorable track – Forestry – Forest/ forest station – Trade – Shops – Communication – Post office – Quarrying – Murram pit quarry – Lumbering – Saw mills – Cattle rearing/keeping – Cattle dip – Dairy farming – Dairy – Manufacturing/ procesing – Kagwe carbacid plant – Crop farming – Plantation 7.(a)(i) Define the term vulcanicity (2 marks)Vulcanicity is the process through which liquid , solid or gaseous material are formed into the earth crust or on to the surface due to high pressure and temperature. (ii) Name the three stages in the life cycle of a volcano.(3 marks) Active Dormant Extinct (b)(i) Lava plateau(4 marks)   It is formed when magma reaches the earth surface through multiple vents/ fissures The lava is ultra-basic/ extremely fluid it flows over long distances, spreading evenly, covering hills and depressions The lava cools slowly and solidifies Successive eruptions build up more layers, building a thick plain land/ table land called lava plateau(ii) Geyser(4 marks)  Water percolates underground through cracks in the rock Water gets into contact with hot igneous rocks the water is superheated to form gases/ steam

 Geography Paper 2 (312/2) SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section. 1 (a) Name two exotic breeds of commercial beef cattle reared in Kenya. (2 marks) (b) Outline two similarities of commercial beef cattle fanning in Kenya and Argentina. (2 marks) 2 (a) Define the term fisheries. (2 marks) (b) State three ways in which marine fisheries in Kenya can be conserved. (3 marks) 3 (a) Name two prairie provinces of Canada where wheat is grown on a large scale. (2 marks) (b) Give three physical conditions that favour large scale wheat farming in the prairie provinces of Canada. (3 marks) 4 (a) State three reasons why paper milling industries are located near rivers. (3 marks) (b) Name three industries in Kenya that use agricultural non-food products as raw materials. (3 marks) 5 (a) State three measures which the government of Kenya has taken to reduce infant mortality. (3 marks) (b) Give two negative effects of low population growth in a country. (2 marks) SECTION B Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section. 6 Study the photograph below and use it to answer question (a) (a) (i) What evidence shows that this is a ground general-view photograph? (2 marks) (ii) Draw a rectangle measuring 12 cm by 8 cm. (1 mark) (iii) On the rectangle, sketch and label the following features shown on the photograph: I planted crops (1 mark) – tree stumps (1 mark) ~ forest (1 mark) ‘ felled trees (1 mark) – the sky. (1 mark) (iv) Describe the characteristics of the forest shown on the photograph. (5 marks) (b) Explain four measures being taken by the Government of Kenya to control human encroachment on forested areas. (8 marks) (c) Give the differences between softwood forests in Kenya and Canada under the following sub headings: (i) tree harvesting (2 marks) (ii) marketing of forest products. (2 marks) 7 Use the map below to answer question a(i) and (ii). Name (a) (i) The rivets marked E, F and G. (3 marks) (ii) The human-made lakes marked H and J. (2 marks) (iii) Explain four measures which should be taken to improve inland water transport in Africa. (8 marks) (b) State four ways in which communication contributes to economic development in Kenya. (4 marks) (c) Explain four problems facing railway transport in Africa. (8 marks) 8 (a) (i) Give four factors common to Kenya and the Netherlands that have favoured horticultural farming. (4 marks) (ii) State three features of horticultural fanning in the Netherlands, (3 marks) (b) The table below shows the quantity and value of Kenya’s horticultural exports between June 2008 and June 2009. Use it to answer question (b). (i) What was Kenya’s total value of exports from horticulture between June 2008 and June 2009? ~ (2 marks) (ii) Comment on the trend of the quantity of Kenya’s horticultural exports between June 2008 and June 2009. (3 marks) (iii) Using the data provided, draw a simple line graph to represent the quantity of Kenya’s horticultural exports. (5 marks) Use a vertical scale of 1 cm to represent 500 metric tonnes. (c) Explain four difficulties that farmers in Kenya experience in marketing horticultural produce.(8 marks) 9 (a) What is eco-tourism?(2 marks) (i) Give four tourist attractions found at the coast of Kenya.(4 marks) (ii) State five problems associated with tourism in Kenya.(5 marks) (c) State four ways in which game reserves are of benefit to the communities living near them. (4 marks) (d) Explain the differences between tourism in Kenya and Switzerland. (10 marks) 10 (a) Differentiate between a rural settlement and an urban center. (2 marks) (b) Explain how the following physical factors influence human settlement: (i) relief (6 marks) (ii) climate. (4 marks) (c) Explain the causes of the following problems in urban centres in Kenya: (i) traffic congestion (4 marks) (ii) environmental degradation. (4 marks) (d) (i) Name two towns in Kenya that started as agricultural collection centres. (2 marks) (ii) Give three social functions of Kisumu town. (3 marks)  

 Geography Paper 1 (312/1) SECTION A Answer ALL the questions in this section. 1 The diagram below shows the angles of the sun’s rays at different latitudes when the sun is at the equator. Use it to answer questions (a) and (b). (a) Name the parts of the earth’s surface marked J and K. (2 marks) (b) Give two reasons why the intensity of the insulation is higher at M than at N, (2 marks) 2 (a) What is Weathering? (2 marks) (b) Give three factors that influence the rate of weathering. (3 marks) 3 The diagram below shows a composite volcano (a) Name the features marked P, Q and R.(3 marks) (b) How is a parasitic cone formed?(3 marks) 4 (a) What is land breeze?(2 marks) (b) Give two ways in which sea breezes influence the adjacent land.(2 marks) 5 The diagram below shows ways through which wind transports its load. (a) Name the three ways labelled E, F and G. (3 marks) (b) Name three features produced by wind abrasion in arid areas. (3 marks) SECTION B Answer question 6 and any two other questions from this section. 6 Study the map of Nkubu (1 :50,000) sheet 122/1 provided and answer the following questions. (i) Give the latitudinal and longitudinal position of the North East corner of the map extract. (2 marks) (ii) Give two methods used to represent relief on the map. (2 marks) (iii) What is the relief feature found at the top of Kirui Hill within Mt. Kenya forest. (1 mark) (iv) Apart from administration. give three other services that are provided at Nkubu Divisional Headquarters. (3 marks) (b) (i) What is the length in kilometers of the all-Weather bound surface road from the bridge at Nkubu water works (509935) to the road junction near Gitimbi (509995)? (2 marks) (ii) State three problems that may be encountered during construction of roads in the area covered by the map. (3 marks) (c) Citing evidence from the map, give three reasons why cattle rearing is widespread in Nkubu area. (6 marks) (d) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. (6 marks) 7 (a) (i) State three conditions that are necessary for siting a weather station. (3 marks) (ii) Give four reasons why weather forecasting is important. (4 marks) (b) The table below shows the temperature and rainfall figures for a weather station in Kenya. Use it to answer question (b) and (c).   Calculate: (i) The mean annual temperature for the station. (2 marks) (ii) The annual range of temperature for the station. (2 marks) (c) (i) On the graph paper provided, draw a bar graph to represent the rainfall figures for the station. Use a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 20mm. (5 marks) (ii) Describe the characteristics of the climate experienced at the weather station. (3 marks) (d) Suppose you visited a weather station for a field study on weather; (i) Give three methods you would use to collect data. (3 marks) (ii) State three advantages of studying weather through fieldwork. (3 marks) 8 The map below shows the location of some mountain ranges. (a) Name the ranges marked P, Q, R and S. (4 marks) (b) (i) Apart from fold mountains, name three other features resulting from folding. ( 3 marks) (ii) With the aid of labelled diagrams, describe how fold mountains are formed. (10 marks) (c) Explain the significance of fold mountains to human activities. (8 marks) 9 (a) (i) What are tides? (2 marks) (ii) Give three causes of ocean currents. (3 marks) (iii) Name the three ocean currents along the western coast of Africa. (3 marks) (b) (i) State three characteristics of submerged lowland coasts. (3 marks) (ii) Explain three factors that determine the rate of coastal erosion. (6 marks) (c) With the aid of labelled diagrams, describe the process through which a stack is formed. (8 marks) 10 (a) (i) What is a lake? (2 marks) (ii) Name two crater lakes in Kenya. (2 marks) (b) Describe how the following lakes are formed. (i) corrie lake(4 marks) (ii) oasis(4 marks) (iii) lagoon.(4 marks) (c) (i) Give three reasons why some lakes in Kenya have saline water.(3 marks) ( ii) Explain how each of the following has affected lakes in Kenya: -deforestation(2 marks) –industrialization(2 marks) -water needs.(2 marks)  

 Geography Paper 2 (312/2) SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section. 1 (a) Name the method of irrigation used in the Perkerra irrigation scheme. (1 mark) (b) State three factors that influenced the location of the Perkerra irrigation scheme. (3 marks) 2 State four effects of human encroachment into wildlife habitats. I (4 marks) 3 (a) Name two countries to which Kenya exports petroleum products. (2 marks) (b) State four factors that influence extemal trade in Kenya. (4 marks) 4 (a) State two factors that lead to the development of nucleated settlement patterns. (2 marks) (b) Identify two differences in the functions of Nairobi and New York. (4 marks) 5 Identify five ways that are used to control floods in Kenya. (5 marks) SECTION B Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section. 6 .The table below shows the approximate population size of four districts in Nairobi in the year 2009. Use it to answer question (a) Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. (a) (i) Apart from pie charts, name two other statistical methods that can be used to represent the data in the table. (2 marks) (ii) Using a radius of 5 cm. draw a pie chart to represent the data in the table above. Show your calculations. (9 marks) (iii) Calculate the population growth rate of Nairobi over the 10 year period if the populations was approximately 2,143,000 in 1999. (2 marks) (b) Explain two factors that may have led to the large population increase in Nairobi between 1999 and 2009. (4 marks) (c) Explain four positive effects of low population growth in a country. (8 marks) 7. The map below shows the location of some minerals in East Africa. a) Name the minerals mined in the areas marked J , K and L. (3 marks) b) Explain how the following factors influence the exploitation of minerals: (i) mode of occurrence of minerals; (4 marks) (ii) transport; (4 marks) (iii) level of technology. (4 marks) c) Describe the opencast method of mining. (4 marks) d) Explain three benefits of petroleum mining to the economies of Middle East Countries. (6 marks) 8. a) (i) What is agriculture? (2 marks) (ii) Identify four characteristics of Plantation farming in Kenya. (4 marks) b) Give four physical factors that influence the growing of tea in Kenya. (4 marks) c)Explain four problems facing small scale tea farming in Kenya. (8 marks) d) You plan to carry out a field study in a tea farm. (i) Give four reasons why you need a route map for the study. (4 marks) (ii) What information are you likely to gather about marketing of processed tea during the study? (3 marks) 9. a) Identify three sources of renewable energy. (3 marks) b) (i) Name three main Hydro Electric Power Stations along the River Tana. (3 marks) (ii) Apart from providing electric power, state four other benefits of the dams along the River Tana. (4 marks) (iii) Identify two problems that affect the production of power from the stations along River Tana. (2 marks) (c) Explain four measures the Government of Kenya has taken to conserve energy. (8 marks) (d) Some students carried out a field study on sources of energy by sampling the households around their school. (i) Identify two sampling techniques the students may have used during the study. (2 marks) (ii) Give three advantages of sampling the households for the study. (3 marks) (a) Differentiate manufacturing industries from tertiary industries. (2 marks) (b) Explain why the Government of Kenya encourages the setting up of industries in rural areas. (8 marks) (c) Explain four factors that have contributed to the development of electronics industry in Japan. (8 marks) (d) You intend to carry out a field study in a nearby post office. (i) Identify two characteristics of a good hypothesis for the study. (2 marks) (ii) State three advantages of using the interview method to collect data during the study. (3 marks) (iii) Give two challenges facing postal services that you are likely to find out during the study. (2 marks)  

KCSE Past Papers Geography 2013 4.2.1 Geography Paper 1 (312/1) SECTION A Answer ALL the questions in this section. 1. a) The diagram below represents the structure of the atmosphere. Use it to answer question (a). a) Name (i) the parts marked P and Q. (2 marks) (ii) the layer of discontinuity marked R. (1 mark) b) State two characteristics of the weather conditions in the troposphere. (2 marks) 2. State five factors that influence mass wasting. (5 marks) 3. The diagram below shows a section of a river. Use it to answer the questions that follow. (a) Name the features marked S and T. (2 marks) (b) State three conditions that are necessary for the formation of the feature marked S. (3 marks) (a) What is the difference between ice sheets and ice berg? (2 marks) (b) Name three types of glacial moraines. (3 marks) (a) Give two types of soil degeneration. (2 marks) (b) State three economic benefits of soils. (3 marks) SECTION B Answer question 6 and any other TWO questions from this section. Study the map of Karatina l:50,000 (sheet 121/3) provided and answer the following questions (a) (i) What is the four figure grid reference of the Technical Institute at Mathira? (2 marks) (ii) What is the bearing of Mount Kenya Campus at grid reference 932568 from the cattle dip at grid reference 990529? (2 marks) (iii) Measure the distance of the railway line from the Level Crossing at grid square 8652 to the Southem edge of the map. Give your answer in kilometres. (2 marks) (b) Draw a rectangle measuring 15 cm by lO.cm to represent the area enclosed by Eastings 90 and 100 and Northing 50 and 60. (1 mark) b) On the rectangle mark and name the following: (i) Kirinyaga District; (ii) All Weather Road Bound Surface; (iii) Forest; (iv) Coffee factory. (4 marks) c) Describe the distribution of the natural vegetation in the area covered by the map. (6 marks) d) Identify two social functions of Karatina town. (2 marks) e) Citing evidence from the map, explain three factors that favour trading in the area covered by the map. (6 marks) 7 a) Name the first two planets of the solar system. (2 marks) b) Explain the origin of the earth according to the Nebula Cloud Theory. (8 marks) I the continent marked W; (1 mark) II the ocean marked X; (1 mark) IH the line of longitude marked Y. (1 mark) (ii) Give two reasons why the earth has a spherical shape. (4 marks) (iii) State four effects of the rotation of the earth on its axis. (4 marks) c) Describe the structure of the earth’s crust. 8. a) What is volcanicity? b) (i) Apart from a sill, name three other intrusive volcanic features. (3 marks) (ii) Describe how the following features are formed: c) Explain four negative effects of earthquakes. 9. a) What is vegetation? I a sill; (3 marks) H hot springs; (5 marks) III a caldera. (4 marks) b) Explain how the following factors influence the distribution of vegetation: (i)Relief (ii) soils. c) Describe the characteristics of the savanna vegetation region. relief (2 marks) d) You are planning to carry out a field study in a forest. i. Give four reasons why it is important to seek permission from the school administration. (4 marks) ii. List three sources of information you are likely to use before the actual field study. (3 marks) iii .Identify four challenges you are likely to encounter during the field study. (4 marks) 10. (a) (i) Name two major deserts found in Africa. (2 marks) The diagram below represents features resulting from wind erosion in a desert. Use it to answer question a(ii). (ii) Name the features marked U and V. (2 marks) (b) Describe the three processes through which wind transports its load. (6 marks) (c) Using a well labelled diagram, describe how a barchan is formed. (7 marks) (d) Explain four ways in which desert features are of significance to human activities. (8 marks)  

Section A: (25 marks) Answer all the questions in this section, 1. (a) Give two uses of diamond. (2 marks) (b) Identify three problems facing diamond mining in South Africa. (3 marks) 2 (a) Apart from coniferous forests, name two other types of natural forests. (2 marks) (b) State three characteristics of coniferous forests which favour their exploitation. 3 Use the map of East Africa below to answer question (a). (3 marks) (a) Name the game reserves marked P, Q and R. (3 marks) (b) State two factors which influence the distribution of wildlife in East Africa. (2 marks) 4 (a) Give two reasons why Geothermal power has not been fully exploited in Kenya. (2 marks) (b) State three causes of the energy crisis in the world. (3 marks) 5 (a) Identify the two types of internal trade. (2 marks) (b) Give three factors that limit trade among the member states of the common market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). (3 marks) SECTION B: (75 marks) Answer question 6 and any other two questions in this section. 6 Study the photograph below and use it to answer question (a) (i) Identify the type of photograph shown above. (1 mark) (ii) Name the type of settlement shown on the photograph. (1 mark) (iii) What time of the day was the photograph taken? (1 mark) (iv) Draw a rectangle measuring 15 cm by 10 cm. On it, sketch and label five human features shown on the photograph.   (b) Explain four economic factors that influence settlement. (8 marks) (c) Describe four negative effects of urbanization. (8 marks) Explain three social factors that influence agriculture. (6 marks) (i) Describe the cultivation of oil palm from land preparation to harvesting. (7 marks) (ii) Give three uses of palm oil in Nigeria. (3 marks) (c) Explain three reasons why horticultural farming is encouraged in Kenya. (6 marks) (d) Give three factors which favours beef farming in the Nyika plateau. (3 marks) 8. (a) Explain four ways in which land is being rehabilitated in Kenya. (8 marks) (b) (i) State two ways in which the salinity ofthe polders is reduced in The Netherlands. (2 marks) (ii) Explain four ways in which the Zuyder Zee project benefits The Netherlands. (8 marks) (c) You intend to carry out a field study on irrigation farming in Mwea Tebere Irrigation Scheme: (i) Identify the two types of hypotheses you would develop for the study. (2 marks) (ii) Name three crops, grown in the scheme that you are likely to identify. (3 marks) (iii) Give two reasons why you need to sample the area of study. (2 marks) 9. (a) Define the term fishing. (2 marks) (b) Explain two ways in which each of the following factors negatively affects fishing in Kenya. (i) Agricultural activities. (4 marks) (ii) Water weeds. (4 marks) (c) Use the map of North-West Atlantic fishing ground to answer questions (c)(ii) and (iii). (i) Give three types of fish species caught in the North-West Atlantic fishing ground. (3 marks) (ii) Name the Ocean currents marked M and N. (2 marks) (iii) influence fishing. (4 marks) (iv) Give three differences between fishing in Kenya and Japan. (6 marks) 10 (a) What is environmental management? (i) Explain four negative effects of floods.(8 markes) (ii) State two measures being taken to control lightning.(2 marks) Explain the significance of conserving the environment (8 marks) (d) Your Geography class carried out a field work on floods along a river. (i) Name two types of field work they could have used. (ii) Give three advantages of studying floods through field work. (3 marks) (2 marks) Explain two ways in which the convergence of Ocean currents marked M and N (3 marks)  

Section A: (25 marks) Answer ALL the questions in this section. 1. Name two types of hypabyssal rocks. (2 marks) 2. (a) The diagram below shows intrusive volcanic features. Name the features marked E, F and G. (b) Name two active volcanoes in Kenya. 3. (a) Give three processes in the hydrological cycle. (b) State four factors that facilitate deposition in rivers. 4. (a) Explain two reasons why wind is the dominant agent of erosion in arid areas. (b) Identify two features formed as a result of wind deposition in arid areas. 5. (a) Describe podzolization as a process of leaching. (2 marks) (b) State three ways in which mulching helps in soil conservation. (3 marks) Section B Answer question 6 and any other TWO questions from this section 6. Study the map of Migwani 1:50,000 (sheet 151/1) provided and answer the following questions. (a) (i) Give the longitudinal extent of the area covered by the map. (2 marks) (ii) What is the magnetic variation of the map? (1 mark)(iii) Give the six-figure grid reference for the junction of the roads D503 and D507. (2 marks) (b)(i) Using a vertical scale of l cm to represent 100 metres, draw a cross section along the line marked J -K. (4 marks) (ii) On it, mark and label the following:   footpath; (1 mark)  road; (1 mark)  water pipeline; (l mark)  steep slope. (1 mark)(iii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross-section. (2 marks) (c) Citing evidence from the map, give three economic activities carried out in the area covered by the map. (6 marks) (d) Explain how relief has influenced the distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map. (4 marks) 7. (a) (i) Describe the solar system. (2 marks) (ii) The local time at Manaul 60°W is 11.30 a.m. What is the time in Nairobi 37° E? (3 marks) (ii) (b) (i) State five characteristics of the mantle in the interior structure of the earth. (5 marks) (i) (ii) Outline the evidence which support the theory of continental drift. (4 marks)   (c) The diagram below represents the revolution of the earth. (i) Name the solstice marked P. (l mark) (ii) ldentify the season represented in the region marked Q. (1 mark) (iii) Describe the climatic conditions in Europe when the Earth is in position R. (3 marks) (d) With the aid ofa Well labelled diagram, describe the occurrence ofthe solar eclipse. (6 marks) 8. The map below shows some climatic regions of Kenya. Use it to answer question (a) (i) Name the climatic regions marked X and Y. (2 marks) (ii) State three characteristics of the climatic region marked Z. (3 marks) (b) Explain how each of the following factors influence climate: (i) Altitude; (4 marks) (ii) Ocean currents. (4 marks) What are the negative effects of climate change on physical environment‘? (6 marks) (d) Students visited a Weather station to study recording of weather elements. (i) State three qualities in the construction of a Stevenson screen they would have observed during the study. (3 marks) (ii) Identify three types of data they are likely to have collected during the study. (3 marks) 9. (a) (i) Name two types of submerged highland coasts. (2 marks) (ii) Identify two resultant features of the emerged highland coasts. (2 marks) (b) State three factors influencing deposition by ocean waves. (3 marks) (c) With the aid of labelled diagrams describe the formation of the following coastal features: (i) Fringing reef; (5 marks) (ii) Spit. (5 marks) Explain the significance of oceans to human activities. (8 marks) 10. (a) (i) Name two mountains in East Africa which are ice capped. (2 marks) (ii) Identify three ways in which ice moves. (3 marks) Describe the formation of the following glacial features: (i) Hanging valley; (6 marks) (ii) Pyramidal peak. (6 marks) (c) You are required to carry out a field study on erosional features in glaciated lowland area. (i) Give two reasons why you would require a working schedule. (2 marks) (ii) Name three erosional features you are likely to observe during the field study. (3 marks) (iii) Give three follow-up activities you would undertake after the field study. (3 marks)  

Paper 2 SECTION A: (25 marks) Answer all the questions in this section. 1 (a) Define the term environment. (2 marks) (b) Give three effects of air pollution in major urban centres. (3 marks) 2 (a) Identify three factors that influence the occurrence of minerals. (3 marks) (b) Name the area Where the following minerals are mined in Kenya: (i) diatomite; (1 mark) (ii) salt. (1 mark) 3 (a) Distinguish between forest and forestry. (2 marks) (b) Identify three activities that may be undertaken in your school to conserve trees. (3 marks) 4 Give four challenges facing Nomadic pastoralism in Kenya. (4 marks) 5 Use the map of Kenya below to answer question (a). (a) Name the hydro-electric power projects marked E, F and G. (3 marks) (b) State three advantages of geothermal power as a source of energy. (3 marks) SECTION B (75 marks) Answer question 6 and any other two questions in this section. 6 The table below shows the value of some of Kenya’s mineral exports from 2008 to 2014. Use it to answer questions (a) and (b). (a) (i) Using a scale of l cm to represent l000 million Kenya Shillings, draw a comparative bar graph to represent the data shown. (8 marks) (ii)State three advantages of using comparative bar graphs to represent statistical data. (3 marks) (b) Calculate the percentage increase in value of exports between the years 2010 and 2011. (6 marks) (c) Explain the significance of trade to the economy of Kenya. (8 marks) 7 (a)State three physical conditions which favour large scale sugarcane growing in Kenya. (3 marks) (b) (i) Describe the stages involved in the processing of sugarcane at the factory. (6 marks) (ii) Give three by-products obtained from sugarcane. (3 marks) (c) Explain three ways in which the Kenya Government is promoting the sugar manufacturing industry. (6 marks) (d) Your class visited a sugarcane plantation for a field study on land preparation and planting. (i) Outline four activities that you are likely to identify. (4 marks) (ii) Give three methods you would use to record data during the field study. (3 marks) 8 (a) Differentiate between domestic and international tourism.(2 marks) Use the map of East Africa below to answer question (b). (b) Name:(i) The national parks marked H, J and K. (3 marks) (ii) The game reserve marked L. (1 mark) (c) (i) Explain how the following factors influence tourism in Kenya.   climate; (2 marks)  scenery; (2 marks)  tour companies. (2 marks)(iii) State five effects of floods on tourism. (5 marks) (d) Explain four ways in which the county governments in Kenya would promote sustainable tourism. (8 marks) 9 Use the map of Africa below to answer question (a) (a) Name the trans-continental highways in Africa marked M, N and P. (3 marks) (b) (i) State four advantages of air transport. (4 marks) (ii) Explain four efforts that the Kenya Government has taken to improve air transport. (8 marks) (c) (i) Identify two types of communication. (2 marks) (ii) Explain four problems facing communication in Africa. (8 marks) 10 (i) Give two main sources of population data. (2 marks) (ii) Outline the information that can be derived from a population pyramid. (3 marks) (b) Explain how the following factors have led to population increase in Kenya (i) cultural beliefs; (2 marks) (ii) migration (2 marks) (c) Explain four problems which result from a high population growth rate in Kenya.(8 marks) (d) Describe four ways in which the population of Kenya differs from that of Sweden. (8 marks)  

KCSE Past Papers Geography 2015 SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section. 1. The diagram below represents the structure of the earth. Use it to answer question (a). (a) Name: (i) the layers marked E and F. (2 marks) (ii) the minerals that make up the layer marked G. (2 marks) (b) Give two effects of the rotation of the earth on its axis. (2 marks) 2. (a) What is a metamorphic rock? (2 marks) (b) Give three examples of metamorphic rocks. (3 marks) 3. (a) Name two types of boundaries according to the plate tectonic theory.(2 marks) (b) Give three effects of the movement of tectonic plates. (3 marks) 4. (a) What is an earthquake? (2 marks) (b) Identify the scale used to measure: (i) the intensity of earthquakes; (1 mark) (ii) the magnitude of earthquakes. (l mark) 5. (a) Give three characteristics of a river in its middle stage. (3 marks) The diagram below shows a Bird’s foot delta. Use it to answer question (b). (b) Identify the features marked H and J. (2 marks) SECTION B Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section. 6. Study the map of Busia 1:50,000 (sheet 101/1) provided and answer the following questions. (a) (i) Convert the ratio scale of the map extract into a statement scale. (2 marks) (ii) What is the general direction of flow of river Sio? (1 mark) (iii) Identify the two dominant types of natural vegetation shown in the area covered by the map.(2 marks) (b) Draw a square 10 cm by 10 cm to represent the area to the west of Easting 30 and north of Northing 40. On the square, mark and label: (i) an international boundary; (ii) an air photo principal point; (iii) river Sio; (iv) the area above 1200 metres above sea level. (5 marks) (c) Describe the relief of the area covered by the map (5 marks) (d) (i) Explain how the following factors have influenced the distribution of settlements in the area covered by the map:   drainage; (2 marks)  transport. (2 marks)(ii) Citing evidence from the map, state three functions of Funyula town. (6 marks) 7. (a)(i) Define the term weather. (2 marks) (ii) Explain how the following factors influence weather:   cloud cover; (4 marks)  local winds. (4 marks)The diagram below represents a weather measuring instrument. Use it to answer question (b).   (b) (i) Which element of weather is measured using the instrument shown above? (1 mark) (ii) Describe how the above instrument is used. (3 marks) 8 (b) Explain how the following factors influence the amount of underground water in limestone areas: (i) rainfall; (4 marks) (ii) vegetation cover, (4 marks) (c) (i) Apart from stalagrnites, name three other underground features formed in limestone areas. (3 marks) (ii) With the aid of a diagram, describe how a stalagmite is fomred. (8 marks) (d) Give three reasons why there are few settlements in Karst landscapes. (3 marks)

KCSE Past Papers 2016 Geography Paper 2 2016 Geography Paper 2 SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section 1. (a) Name two exotic breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya. (2 marks) (b) State three physical conditions that favour dairy farming in Denmark. (3 marks) 2. (a) Name the method of irrigation used in the Perkerra Irrigation Scheme. (1 mark) (b) State three factors that influenced the location of the Perkerra Irrigation Scheme. (3 marks) 3. (a) Differentiate between transport and communication. (2 marks) (b) State three causes of the decline in the use of letter writing as a means of communication in Kenya. (3 marks) 4. (a) Why is Kenya’s petroleum refinery located at Mombasa? (2 marks) (b) State three ways in which the clearing of forests has affected the natural environment in Kenya. (3 marks) 5. (a) State three measures which the government of Kenya has taken to reduce infant mortality. (3 marks) (b) Give three negative effects of low population growth in a country. (3 marks) SECTION B Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section 6. Use the map below to answer question (a) (i) and (ii) (a) Name: (i) The rivers marked E, F and G. (3 marks) (ii) The human-made lakes marked H and J. (2 marks) (iii) Explain four measures which should be taken to improve inland water (8 marks) transport in Africa. (h) State four ways in which communication contributes to economic development in Kenya. (4 marks) (c) Explain four problems facing railway transport in Africa. (8 marks) 7. Study the photograph below and answer questions (a) and (b). (a) Name: (i) the mining method shown in the photograph; ( I mark) (ii) two minerals that may be mined using the method shown in the photograph. (2 marks) (b) (i) Using evidence from the photograph, give four indicators that show that the weather was hot when the photograph was taken. (4 marks) (ii) Describe how minerals are obtained using the mining method shown in the photograph. (5 marks) (iii) Citing evidence from the photograph, explain two ways in which the mining method shown has affected the environment. (4 marks) (iv) Apart from the method shown in the photograph, name three other mining methods. (3 marks) (c) Explain how the following factors influence the occurrence of minerals (i) evaporation; (2 marks) (ii) volcanicity; (2 marks) (iii) metamorphism. (2 marks) 8. (a) (i) Name two settlement patterns. (2 marks) (ii) Explain four physical factors that influence settlement. (8 marks) (b) (i) Explain how the following factors have led to the growth of Thika. • Location; (2 marks) • Transport; (2 marks) • Land. (2 marks) (ii) Apart from being a transport and communication centre, give three other functions of Thika town. (3 marks) (c) Explain three positive effects of urbanisation to a country. (6 marks) 9. (a) Identify three sources of renewable energy. (3 marks) (b) (i) Name three main Hydro Electric Power stations along the River Tana. (3 marks) (ii) Apart from providing electric power, state four other benefits of the dams along the River Tana. (4 marks) (iii) Identify two problems that affect the production of power from the stations along River Tana. (2 marks) (c) Explain four measures the Government of Kenya has taken to conserve energy. (8 marks) (d) Some students carried out a field study on sources of energy by sampling households around their school. (i) Identify two sampling techniques the students may have used during the study. (2 marks) (ii) Give three advantages of sampling the household for the study. (3 marks) (a) (i) What is visible trade? (2 marks) (ii) List three major imports to Kenya from Japan. (3 marks) (b) Explain four factors that influence internal trade in Kenya. (8 marks) (c) State four ways in which trade is of significance to Kenya. (4 marks) (d) Explain four benefits which member states of ECOWAS derive from the formation of the trading bloc. (8 marks)  

KCSE Past Papers 2016 Geography Paper 1 2016 Geography Paper 1 SECTION A (30 marks) Answer all the questions in this section. 1. (a) How does a sea breeze occur? (b) Use the map of Africa below to answer question (b) (i) (2 marks) (i) Name the ocean currents marked H, i and K. (3 marks) (ii) State two effects of a warm ocean current on the adjacent coastlands. (2 marks) 2. (a) Name two types of boundaries according to the plate tectonic theory. (2 marks) (b) Give three effects of the movement of tectonic plates. (3 marks) 3. The diagram below represents the structure of the atmosphere. Use it to answer question (a). (a) Name: (i) The parts marked P and Q. (2 marks) (ii) The layer of discontinuity marked R. (1 mark) (b) State two characteristics of weather conditions in the troposphere. (2 marks) 4. The diagram below shows coastal features. (a) Name the features marked P, Q and R. (3 marks) (b) State two conditions necessary for the formation of a beach. (2 marks) 5. Name the three major deserts in Africa. (3 marks) SECTION B Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section. 6. Study the map of Kitale 1:50,000 (sheet 75/3) provided and answer the following questions. (a) (i) Identify two human made features found at the grid square 2320. (2 marks) (ii) What is the altitude of the highest point in the area covered by the map? (2 marks) (iii) Give three types of natural vegetation found in the area covered by the map. (3 marks) (b) (i) What is the bearing of the air photo principal point at grid square 3426 from the air photo principal point at grid square 2931? (2 marks) (ii) Measure the distance of the dry weather road (C640) from the junction at point M (345142) from the junction at point N (416201) Give your answer in kilometers. (2 marks) (c) (i) Using a scale of 1 cm to represent 40 metres, draw a cross-section from grid reference 410180 to grid reference 500180. (4 marks) (ii) On the cross-section mark and name the following: • a dry weather road; (1 mark) • River Kaptarit (1 mark) • a ridge. (1 mark) (iii) Calculate the (VE) vertical exaggeration of the section. (2 marks) (d) Citing evidence from the map, identify five social services offered in Kitale. (5 marks) 7. (a) (i) Name two types of submerged highland coasts. (2 marks) (ii) Identify two resultant features of the emerged highland coasts. (2 marks) (b) State three factors influencing deposition by ocean waves. (3 marks) (c) With the aid of labelled diagrams, describe the formation of the following coastal features: (i) Fringing reef; (5 marks) (ii) Spit. (5 marks) (d) Explain the significance of oceans to human activities. (8 marks) 8. (a) (i) What is a lake? (2 marks) (ii) Name two crater lakes in Kenya. (2 marks) (b) Describe how each of the following lakes are formed: (i) come lake; (4 marks) (ii) oasis; (4 marks) (iii) lagoon. (4 marks) (c) (i) Give three reasons why some lakes in Kenya have saline water. (3 marks) (ii) Explain how each of the following has affected lakes in Kenya: • deforestation (2 marks) • industrialisation (2 marks) • water needs. (2 marks) 9. (a) (i) Name three types of faults. (3 marks) (ii) Apart from compressional forces, explain two other processes that may cause faulting. (4 marks) (b) With the aid of diagrams. describe how compressional forces may have led to the formation of the Great Rift Valley. (8 marks) (c) Explain five ways in which faulting is of significance to human activities.(10 marks) 10. (a) Differentiate between magma and lava. (b) The diagram below shows some intrusive volcanic features.(2 marks) Name the features marked E, F, and G. (3 marks) (c) Describe how the following features are formed and for each give an example from Kenya: (i) a crater (3 marks) (ii) a geyser (5 marks) (iii) a lava plateau. (4 marks) (d) Explain four ways in which volcanic features influence human activities. (8 marks)