September 12, 2022

ORGANIZATION AND RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION LIBRARY (BOOK) CLASSIFICATION It is the process of determining the main subjects of an item and characteristic and then expressing them by the most appropriate notation from a classification scheme. Broad (general) classification is a method of classifying item under the general (main) division   and sub- division of a classification scheme. Closed (specific) classification is a method of classifying items as specifically as possible using a minute breakdown into narrower concepts of the classification schemes. Purpose of Library Classification Facilitate shelving or arrangement of primary documents in a library collection. Facilitate the replacement or re- shelving of documents in their proper places on the shelves after use. Help in shelving newly acquired document in their proper places amongst the existing documents. Facilitate the filing of bibliographic records in systematic files. Facilitate in book displays so that users can browse though the shelves. Facilitate the inclusion of bibliographic records or reference in printed catalogue or other retrieval tools. Collocate items that are related by subject. Collocate – bring together. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION Library classification is a process of arranging documents in a library based on the subject contents and form of presentation that are assigned class numbers / notation from a classification scheme. Advantages of Library Classification Facilitates the evaluation of a library stock as it is possible to find out it weak and strong subject areas. Facilitate orderly arrangement of documents in a library collection. Enhance book displays that are essential for browsing end users. Facilities the process of stock taking based on the call numbers assigned to the documents Bibliographic searchers by the library staff and users and their compilation is made easier. Saves the time of the library staff and user information retrieval. Makes it possible to rep ( re- shelve ) items in their proper places on the shelves after uses Helps in shelving new documents in their proper amongst the existing one on the shelve. Facilitates weeding of the library stock. Ensures compilation of subject bibliographical indexes catalogues and users suggestion and borrower stations. Enhances the compilation of a shelf list. It compliments cataloging work as it facilitates creation, call number and subject cataloguing though chain indexing procedure. The call number help users of the catalogue locate from the library collection. Disadvantages Of Library Classification Only one relationship of a subject can be shown even if the work covers more than one subject. Only one class number can be assigned to a document. Re classification of documents is necessary as new knowledge and new classes are created. Re – classification is time consuming. Classification may generate long and confusing notations that have no meaning to the end users. Frequently consulted items will give rise to disorderness of the classified stock. Such items are likely to be mis-shelved. It cannot produce all what a user requires at one point as documents may be separated according to other criteria  g. reference book  may be separated from the general lending stock. Documents can only be arranged in one based in one order on one class number. This does not enhance search by title, author and subject. Only a given part of the items are visible in the classified collection. Those on loan. Left on the relating tables may never be retrieved as they are not reflected on the shelves. DETERMINING THE SPECIFIC SUBJECT OF AN ITEM 3 types of subjects recognized in subject analysis are: Simple subject – it’s a subject that deals with a whole main class or a single aspect of a whole main class e.g. Mathematic, calculus, organic, chemistry  all from class 500 Compound subject – it’s a subject that combines two or more simple subject’s e.g. biographic, biochemistry. Complex subjects   – It’s a subject that combine two or more simple subject that do not come from the same whole main class or is discipline e.g., a study of the use of philosophy in religion and the study of religion in science. Parts of Book Useful To A Classifier     Title An indicative title will obviously indicate  the subject of the work  g. a book entitled “ Economics” Table of contents (TOC) TOC shows the main topics covered in a book therefore may indicate the subjects covered Chapter heading and subheading In the absence of a TOC these may be used in the same way as TOC. Introduction A good introduction usually indicates the  subject or  focus of the book. Preference or foreword This will provide the original purpose of the author in writing the book. A bibliography, bibliographic footnotes and references. Text proper and book reviews Colophon – a brief description of the manuscript of book to which its attached Page where you will get a trade mark and address Refers to a short summery or promotional piece accompanying a creative work Blurb – back page Cataloguing copy e.g. CIP data Reference book and subject experts. Book reviews – a description, critical analysis and an evolution on the quantity and significance of a book. METHODS OF DETERMINING THE SUBJECT CONTENT OF A WORK Positive Method The classifier determine what the author is describing the document. The classifier aims at finding out the purpose of the work by examining various parts of the book e.g. burb, preface, foreword, introduction, colophon. The purpose of the work forms the basis of the subject of the item Method Of Appealing To Unity (Rule Of Rejection Or Selection) The classifier determines what has been said in the book (selected) and what has not been said (rejected) this is done by thoroughly examining the whole book. What has been selected forms the basis of the subject of the work. Figure Ground Method  The classifier determines the central figure of theme of the item by analyzing the whole book. The theme or central figure becomes the subject of the work. Objective Method The classifier counts the number of bibliographic reference to subjects covered in a document. The subject with move reference becomes the

History and Government Paper 2 (311/2) SECTION A (25 marks) Answer all the questions in this section in the answer booklet provided. 1 Give two archaeological sources of information on History and Government. (2 marks) 2 Give two reasons that made early human beings to live in groups during the Stone Age period. (2 marks) 3 Identify two ways through which early agriculture spread in Africa. (2 marks) 4 State two limitations of using animal transport. (2 marks) S Why was ‘silent trade’ practised by Trans-saharan traders? (1 mark) 6 identify the main factor that led to the growth of the Ancient town of Meroe. (1 mark) 7 What was the main function of the Council of elders among African societies during the pre-colonial period? (1 mark) 8 State two social factors that led to the scramble for colonies in Africa by European powers. (2 marks) 9 Name one African country that was not colonized by the European powers. (1 mark) 10 State two roles played by the African chiefs in British Colonial administration in Nigeria. (2 marks) 11 Name the Chartered company that administered Zimbabwe during the process of colonization. (1 mark) 12 Give the main reason for the formation of the League of Nations in 1919. (1 mark) 13 Give two economic reasons for the growth of African Nationalism in Ghana. (2 marks) 14 Outline two factors that enabled Tanzania to maintain national unity since independence. (2 marks) 15 What is ‘veto power’ as used by the United Nations? (1 mark) 16 Name one major political party in the United States of America. (1 mark) 17 Name one type of election held for the House of Commons in Britain. (1 mark) SECTION B (45 marks) Answer any THREE questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 18 (a) Give three physical characteristics of the Homo erectus. (3 marks) b) Explain six cultural practices of Homo sapiens during the New Stone Age. (12 marks) 19 (a) State three disadvantages of coal as a source of energy. (3 marks) (b) Explain six effects of the Scientific inventions on industry. (12 marks) 20 (a) State three factors that contributed to the development of the Trans-Atlantic trade. (3 marks) (b)Explain six negative effects on Trans-Atlantic trade on African Communities. (12 marks) 21 (a) State three factors that enabled European powers to colonize Africa in the late 19“ Century. (3 marks) (b) Explain six effects of the partition of Africa on the Africans. (12 marks) SECTION C (30 marks) Answer any TWO questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 22 (a) Give three functions of the Kabaka of Buganda Kingdom during the pre-colonial period. (3 marks) (b) Describe the political organization of the Shona during the pre-colonial period. (2 marks) 23 (a) Identify five ways through which the United Nations (UN) promotes good governance in the World. (5 marks) (b) Explain five achievements of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) since its formation. (10 marks) 24 (a) State three objectives for the formation of Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). (3 marks) (b) Explain six challenges facing the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). (12 marks)  

Library –is an  establishment in charge with the care of a books and making them available to those who requires. A modern library is regarded as a service institution whose  aim is to enable users to make its resources and services Information  center-is any institution that provides information  e.g books Types  of libraries School library-these are libraries established in a school environment to serve teachers and students they attend to equip students with knowledge so they can play their role in the society effectively A modern school library is supposed to serve as a resource center .its collection comprises of textbooks ,literature materials ,magazine, charts e.t.c where  pa audio-visual aids for teaching are also part of the collection Function of a school library Provide for teachers requirement g textbooks reference materials e.t.c in line with the curriculum needs To encourage and assist teachers to teach through the library in accordance with educational objectives this is done through assignment Provide reading materials in all area and subjects where possible i.e. materials which are outside the curriculum. Teach students on the use of a library i.e. the induction the do’s and the don’ts . Great reading interest among students by means of story hours and library hours i.e. students are given an opportunity to read on their own in the library and recite to others what they have read . Assist students to enjoy reading with choice and make profitable use of their leisure time. Provide guidance to students in the use of books reference materials t.c give them skills to locate  needs materials on their own. Encourage and provides facilities for Indipendent learning and self-propel facilities for Indipendent learning and self-propel study both inside and outside the syllabus Academic library These are libraries which establish in colleges and universities They are mostly expected to support the objective of the institution .these objective varies depending on the course offered but the ultimate is the production of manpower needed in the society They mostly serve the information needs of trainers and trainees towards research and innovations. Functions  of academic  library Lending of information materials to both trainers and trainees based on their area of specialization Assist users in locating and searching materials in the library. This is done through user educations Providing trainers with advisory services when it comes to selective dissemination of information i.e. assist in acquisition of specific information Reservation of documents on behalf of users i.e. keeping a document to user when it is returned in the library after being borrowed. Inter-library lending (ill) getting of information materials from another library on behalf of the registered. Holding of library exhibitions as well as displaying of new additions in the library. Compilation of indexing and abstracting services for their user i.e. providing and summaries certain items. National library These are libraries which are responsible for acquiring and conserving all significant publication in a county they act as a deposit library by law. They are normally founded or a ran by the national government e.g Macmillan library in Nairobi. Functions  of a national Act as a central collection of a nation information material, through the legal deposit They are empowered by the law to have a copy of all documents published in a country Act as a central point for loan photocoping Centre for all foreign literature (material books) Controls the issuance of materials from a foreign countries It plants and co-ordinates ill as a supporting system to duplicate national collection and foreign collection i.e. a list of materials which have been published in a country within a given year. It acts as a repository center (safe) for receiving storage and preservation as well as supply by photocopying of items withdrawn from other libraries i.e. acts as a dump site for unwanted materials from other libraries. It undertakes professional training for staff of the national library (i.e. it organizes for further studies for their staff.) Public library These are libraries which serve the population of a community or a region at a nominal fee. They are normal funded by the national government and mostly located in towns. In Kenya such libraries are the Kenya national libraries services founded in all major towns in Kenya. Functions of a public library Provides variety of information materials needed by users of all walks of life .they serve each and every category of users. They support public education by providing educational materials based on various field of education. They provide entertainment to their user by providing materials which of current natures e.g magazines newspapers and to some extent they have audio ,visual facility. They engage in ill on behalf of their registered members e.  borrow materials from other libraries for their members. The provide readers with advisory services i.e. they give guidance to individual when it comes to selection of document to read. They stimulate good reading habits by bringing books and readers in close contact and this is done by organizing exhibitions ,road shows and open days. Special library These are libraries that exist to serve the conform of an institution or a body on their areas of profession or working environment .their use is limited to professions in a given field e.g law ,agriculture e.t.c Functions Provides information to enable users or members of an organization to keep pace or to keep track with significant development in the field of their interest.. Provides inspiration and stimulation to users by means of balanced collection and fire services Selections and acquisition of documents for its members Storage and retrieval of documents for members certain instance Private  library These are libraries which are primarily owned privately by an individual or a company They are mostly found in our place of resident or in companies premises. Their use is strictly restricted to the owner or members of the organization. Functions Promotes personal reading in a restricted environment They propagate co-function of the organization individual. They offer recreational facility to the members  i.e. provide an environment for leisure.

History and Government Paper 1 (311/1) SECTION A (25 marks) Answer all the questions in this section in the answer booklet provided. 1 Give two unwritten sources of information on History and Government. (2 marks) 2 What was the main reason for the migration of the Eastern Bantu from Shungwaya during the pre-colonial period? (1 mark) 3 Give two reasons why Kenyan communities fought against each other during the pre-colonial period. (2 marks) 4 Identify the two main items of trade from the interior of Kenya during the long distance trade.(2 marks) 5 Identify two contributions made by the early Christian missionaries in the field of education in Kenya. (2 marks) 6 Give the meaning of the term ‘national integration. (1 mark) 7 What constitutional amendment made Kenya return to a multi-party state? (1 mark) 8 Name the document which contains the rights of the child in Kenya. (1 mark) 9 Identify two economic benefits of the Kenya-Uganda railway during the colonial period. (2 marks) 10 Give two ways through which the white settlers acquired land in Kenya during the colonial period. (2 marks) 11 State two problems faced by trade union movement during the colonial period in Kenya. (2 marks) 12 State one change introduced by the Lyttleton Constitution of 1954 that benefited the Africans in the struggle for independence. (1 mark) 13 What was the main contribution of Thomas Joseph Mboya to the history of Kenya? (1 mark) 14 State the main function of parliament in Kenya. (1 mark) 15 Give one member of the AEMO at its inception in 1957. (l mark) 16 Name the education commission that recommended the introduction of the 824:4 system of education in Kenya. (1 mark) 17 Give two external sources of Government revenue in Kenya. (2 marks) SECTION B (45 marks) Answer any three questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 18 (a) State five economic activities of the Borana during the pre—colonial period. (5 marks) (b) Describe the social organisation of the Maasai during the pre-colonial period. (10 marks) 19 (a) State three reasons for the coming of the Portuguese to the Kenyan Coast in the 15th Century. (3 marks) (b) Explain six effects of the Portuguese rule on the East African Coast. (12 marks) 20 (a) Identify three methods used by the British to establish their rule in Kenya. (3 marks) (b) Explain six results of the Nandi resistance against British occupation. (12 marks) 21 (a) State five demands made by the East African Association (EAA) to the British Colonial Government in Kenya. (5 marks) (b) Explain five factors that promoted the rise of African nationalism in Kenya after 1945. (10 marks) SECTION C (30 marks) Answer any two questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 22 (a) State three circumstances that can make a Kenyan citizen to be denied the right to life. (3 marks) (b) Explain six civic responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen. (12 marks) 23 (a) Give three reasons why general elections are important in Kenya. (3 marks) (b) Explain six functions of the body incharge of elections in Kenya. (12 marks) 24 (a) Identify three social functions of local authorities. (3 marks) (b) Explain six challenges facing local authorities in Kenya. (12 marks)

History & Government Paper 2 (311/2) SECTION A (25 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section. 1 Give the relationship between “History” and “Government”. (l mark) 2 Name two types of dwellings used by the early man during the Early Stone Age period. 3 Give two inventions that led to the Agrarian Revolution in Britain. 4 State one theory of origin about the knowledge of iron working in Africa. 5 Identify the earliest method of trade used during the Trans-Saharan Trade. 6 State two ways in which Africans participated in the Trans-Atlantic Trade. 7 Identify two modem means of print media. 8 State the main factor that led to the growth of the ancient town of Kilwa. 9 Give one reason why the ‘Golden stool’ was important in the Asante Empire. 10 Apart from an empire, name one other type of government that existed in Africa during the pre-colonial period. (1 mark) ll State two ways in which chief Lewanika of the Lozi collaborated with the British in the late 19th century. (2 marks) 12 Name one African community that took part in the Maji Maji uprising between 1905 and 1907. (1 mark) 13 Identify two roles played by ex-war soldiers in the growth of African nationalism after 1945. (2 marks) 14 Highlight one way in which economic rivalries between European powers contributed to the outbreak of the first world war. (1 mark) 15 Give the main incident which made Japan to surrender unconditionally to the allied powers in 1945. 16 State two factors which promote economic relations between nations. 17 State two ways in which Non-Aligned members safeguard their national security. (2 marks) SECTION B (45 marks) Answer THREE questions from this section. 18.a)Give five reasons why hunting of wild animals was mainly a group activity during the Stone Age Period. (5 marks) b) Describe five ways in which the development of the upright posture improved the early man’s way of life. (10 marks) 19.a)Identify five uses of coal during the Industrial Revolution in Europe. (5 marks) b)Explain five effects of scientific inventions on medicine. (10 marks) 20 a)Outline five European activities in Africa during the 19th century. (5 marks) b)Explain five effects of the Mandinka resistance against the French invasion in the late 19th Century. (l0 marks) 21. a)Identify five contributions made by Kwarne Nkrumah of Ghana in promoting Pan-Africanism. (5 marks) b)Describe five factors undermining the activities of the African Union (AU) since its formation in 2001. (10 marks) SECTION C (30 marks) Answer TWO questions from this section. 22.a)State three similarities between the French and the British structure of administration in b)Africa during colonial period. (3 marks) 23.a)Explain six problems experienced by the French administration in Senegal. (12 marks) b)State three ways in which the Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) promoted the education of Africans after independence. (3 marks) 24.a)Explain six political challenges faced by the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) during the reign of Mobutu Sese Seko. (12 marks) b)Identify three circumstances that may make the vice president assume presidency in India. (3 marks) 24 .Explain six functions of the president in India. (12 marks)

Definition of terms Record management This refers to the selection and organization of records and other recorded materials. It also refers to an organized system by which records are created, organized maintained and disposed off. The program concern itself with a life of records from the time it is created to the time it is either condemned for destruction or considered for permanent preservation. Records Are all books, papers, maps, photographs or other documentary materials made or received by any public  or private institution in pursuit on its legal obligation or in connection with truncation of its proper business and preserved by that  as evidence of its function, policies, decisions, procedures, operations or other activities because of the information value  of Data contained in them. Archives This is defined in 3 different ways as; record, building and an institution. 1. Records Archives are records of any institution either public or private which are judged worth for permanent preservation ie archive which has secondary value to other people than those who created them. 2. Archive as a building This is a purpose build place for the storage of archives. 3. Archive as an institution This is an institution entrusted with safe keeping of information materials. DOCUMENT Any medium with recorded information regardless of format or type. MANUSCRIPT This is a hand written document which can be recorded. PUBLIC RECORDS They are records of any ministry or government department, any commission office, board or other bodies established under the government or act of parliament but not including records of the public trustees, records of registrar general which belong to individuals or states. Records of the high court, parliament and office are also public records. REGISTRY SYSTEMS REGISTRY This is a place set aside in an organization to help in records management ie to mange records which are created and received by the organization. An organization can have registry or many depending on the size of the organization. Every organization requires a registry because their raw materials are records. Importance of a registry to an organization A registry serves as a corner stone of every organization. Helping the organization to remember its past and also to know its future. It strengthens an organization as it controls the whole organization Requirements in establishment of a registry One needs the following; Finance Staff both trained and untrained to do various activities Space ie accessible room where registry will be established Security Furniture Equipment Stationery ie paper, pens, pencils Features of an ideal registry It should not have mixed up records because handling time become more for retrieval. It carries out records appraisal regularly. Have retention disposal list, Retention is the period each record category should be kept before disposal. Have a high morale staff ie accommodate the staff properly by giving them proper chairs, tables etc Provide information as soon as it has been asked for ie there should be very quick retrieval. Have a good classification system ie the classification system should be simple to use Conservation policy. This is to ensure records are not damaged or stolen The registry should have a suggestion box. This acts as a communication channel for easy communication. Functions of an ideal registry Control quality and quantity of records created in a given organization. Organize all the records created in a given organization. Provide adequate protection of the records against the agents of destruction Make sure that records are appraised regularly Registries are supposed to see proper coordination of record transfer Records in registries should be surveyed to determine the research value.  Types of registry systems There are different types of registries that can be adopted by organization which includes; Centralized registry system Decentralized registry system Controlled registry system Centralized registry system It is where all records of an organization are kept. It’s where the whole organization keeps its records. Advantages of centralized system It saves on cost because there are fewer employees hence less expenses on salaries. It’s economical on space because all records are kept under one roof. There is uniformity in filling procedures of records. Records are organized well in registry making easy retrieval for users Maximum supervision of records hence unauthorized people cannot have access to them There is economy in use of registry resources ie everything acquired is put into use. Greater flexibility in staff utilization ie you can easily cater for absentees without affecting the records Elimination of work duplication ie there is no copying. Disadvantages The retrieval service can be poor in centralized system. This imply that one will take more time to retrieve records Inadequate Space. The records might be more due to rapid record growth hence insufficient space for storage. The staff may not be familiar with all records that are stored there because the record is too many. Most of records in archives are not used frequently so the staff may not know the record existence Tear and wear of records which are caused by congestion of records. Decentralized/ departmental registries Each department keeps its records. There is no sharing in decentralized situation. Advantages of decentralized registries Faster retrieval because there is no distance covered. Each department keeps its own records Record security. This result to unauthorized accessibility to records Staff members are able to know their records better and therefore give efficient service Minimal misplacement/ loss of records. There is little misplacement of records because the records are few in each department There is little space problem in decentralized registry because each department keeps its own records Staff promotion is faster in a decentralized situation the staffs are fewer in each department. Disadvantages There is uneconomical utilization of registry resources eg stationery, equipment, staff etc Lack of uniformity in filling system in the organization. Each department uses its own way of filling its records Inadequate supervision of records. Supervision of records is not done since the supervisor has to keep rotating in each department. There could be records which are shared by the departments which result

History & Government Paper 1 (311/1) SECTION A (25 marks) Answer ALL the questions in this section. 1 State two ways in which the study of History and Govemment promotes a sense of patriotism in the leamer. (2 marks) 2 Name the community in Kenya that belongs to the Southem Cushites. (1 mark) 3 State two political functions of the Oloibon among the Maasai during the 19th century. (2 marks) 4 Give two ways through which knowledge in marine technology facilitated the coming of the early visitors to the Kenyan Coast. (2 marks) 5 Identify the town that was established by missionaries in Kenya as a centre for freed slaves during the 19th Century. (1 mark) 6 State two ways in which the National Accord and Reconciliation Act, 2008 affected the composition of the govemment in Kenya. (2 marks) 7 Give two reasons why the British used the Imperial British East African Company (I.B.E.A.C.) to administer its possessions in Kenya. (2 marks) 8 Identify two ways in which the results of the collaboration of the Maasai with British was similar to that of the Wanga. (2 marks) 9 Give one way in which the construction of the Uganda railway speeded up the colonization of Kenya. (1 mark) 10 Give the main political contribution of Christian Missionaries in Kenya during the struggle for independence upto 1939. (1 mark) 11 Name the first African to be appointed as minister in Kenya by the colonial government. V (1 mark) 12 State the main result of the Lyttleton Constitutional amendment of 1954. (1 mark) 13 Identify the leader who stepped down as the president of Kenya African Union for Jomo Kenyatta. (1 mark) 14 State two ways in which the harambee spirit promotes national unity in Kenya. (2 marks) 15 State two ways through which the Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies in Kenya benefit their members. (2 marks) 16.State one way through which the opposition political parties in Kenya check on the Government’s excesses. (1 mark) 17.Give the main challenge facing the Free Primary Education programme since its introduction in 2003. (l mark) SECTION B (45 marks) Answer THREE questions from this section. 18. a)Give five reasons for the migration of the Mijikenda from Shungwaya during the pre-colonial period. ‘ (5 mark) b)Explain five social effects of the migration and settlement of the Mijikenda in their present homeland. (10 marks) 19. a)State five factors which influenced the Akamba to participate in the long distance trade. (5 marks) b)Describe five effects of the long distance trade on the people of Kenya. (10 marks) 20. a)Give five factors that influenced the location of urban centres in Kenya during the colonial period. (5 marks) b)Explain five factors which led to the migration of Africans to the urban areas in Kenya during the colonial period. (10 marks) 21. a)Give five factors that undermined the activities of the Kenya African Union in the struggle for independence. (5 marks) b)Describe five political roles played by the African elected members of parliament during the struggle for independence in Kenya. (10 marks) SECTION C (30 marks) Answer TWO questions from this section. 22. a)Give three conditions that a person should meet to qualify to be a Kenyan citizen by birth. (3 marks) b)Explain six social rights of an individual in Kenya. (12 marks) 23. a)State three qualifications for a person to be eligible for election as a member of the National Assembly in Kenya. (3 marks) b) Explain six functions of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission of Kenya. (12 marks) 24. a) State three objectives of devolving the government of Kenya. (3 marks) b)Explain six ways in which the County governments raise their revenue. (12 marks)

Section A (25 marks) Answer all questions in this section. 1 Give two methods used by elders to pass information to the young generation on History and Government in the traditional African communities. (2 marks) 2 State two disadvantages of using caves as shelters by the early human beings during the stone Age Period. (2 marks) 3 State two negative effects of the land enclosure system in Britain during the 18th century. (2 marks) 4 Give the main reason why camel was preferred as the means of transport during the Trans-Saharan Trade. (1 mark) 5 Outline one role that was played by the middlemen during the Trans-Atlantic Trade. (1 mark) 6 Give two benefits of the development of the railway transport in Europe during the 19th Century. (2 marks) 7 State two advantages of using fire and smoke signals to pass messages in traditional societies. (2 marks) 8 State two ways in which the growth of the city of Cairo was influenced by the River Nile. (2 marks) 9 Identify one symbol of unity in the Shona Kingdom during the pre-colonial period. (1 mark) 10 State one way in which the acquisition of firearms enabled the king of Buganda to expand during the pre-colonial period. (1 mark) 11 Name the leader of the Lozi who collaborated with the British in the late 19th Century. (1 mark) 12 Identify two European activities in Africa during the 19th century. (2 marks) 13 Outline two similar methods used to recruit African labor in the British and French colonies in Africa. (2 marks) 14 State one economic problem that was experienced by the British colonialists in Nigeria. (1 mark) 15 Name the political party that led Ghana to independence from Britain in 1957. (1 mark) 16 Name the country that was blamed for the outbreak of the First World War. (1 mark) 17 Give the main reason why the United States of America adopted the Marshall plan after the Second World War. (1 mark) Section B (45 marks) Answer any three questions from this section. 18 (a)State three characteristics of microlithic tools used during the Late Stone Age Period. (3 marks) (b)Explain six challenges faced by early humans in hunting and gathering activities. (12 marks) 19 (a)Give three uses of electricity in Europe during the l9th Century. (3 marks) (b)Explain six factors Which promoted industrial development in lndia. (12 marks) 20 (a)Outline three reasons Why the policy of assimilation Was easily applied in the four communes in Senegal. (3 marks) (b)Explain six effects of the British direct rule in Zimbabwe. (12 marks) 21 (a)State three political causes of instability in the Democratic Republic of Congo between 1960 and l965. (3 marks) (b)Describe six social developments that have taken place in Tanzania since independence. (12 marks) Section C (30 marks) Answer any two questions from this section. 22 (a)Identify five main organs of the United Nations. (5 marks) (b)Explain five Ways through Which the United Nations promotes peace in the World. (10 marks) 23 (a)State five functions of the Commission of the African Union. (5 marks) (b)Discuss five achievements of the Pan-African Movement. (10 marks) 24 (a)Give five responsibilities of the state government in the United States of America (5 marks) (b)Explain five functions of the cabinet in India. (10 marks)

 History & Government Paper 1 (311/1) Section A (25 marks) Answer all the questions in this section. 1 Give two ways in which archaeologists identify a pre-historic site. (2 marks) 2 Identify one natural factor that caused the Abagusii to migrate from Mount Elgon region to their present homeland. (1 mark) 3 State the main factor that contributed to the growth of city-states along the Kenyan coast before 1500 A.D. (1 mark) 4 Give one way in which the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages facilitated the spread of Christianity in Kenya. ( 1 mark) 5 Give one economic responsibility of a Kenyan citizen. (1 mark) 6 Give one economic factor that promotes national unity in Kenya. (1 mark) 7 Identify one way in which elders resolve conflicts in the community. (1 mark) 8 State two similar grievances of the Taita Hills Association and the Ukamba Members Association to the colonial government. (2 marks) 9 Outline two ways in which the ex-soldiers of the second world war contributed to the struggle for independence in Kenya. (2 marks) 10 What was the main contribution of Prof. Wangari Maathai to the development of Kenya‘? (1 mark) 11 State two functions of the Supreme Court in Kenya. (2 marks) 12 Give two qualifications that a person must fulfill in order to be allowed to register as a voter in Kenya. (2 marks) 13 State two functions of the secretary to the cabinet in Kenya. (2 marks) 14 Name the two branches of the national police service in Kenya. (2 marks) 15 Give one reason for the adoption of Harambee strategy in Kenya after independence. (1 mark) 16 Identify two types of land ownership in Kenya. (2 marks) 17 Give the main function of the Commission on Revenue Allocation in Kenya. (1 mark) Section B (45 marks) Answer any three questions from this section. 18 (a)Identify the three Luo groups Which migrated into Kenya during the pre-colonial period. (3 marks) (b)Describe the political organization of the Luo during the pre-colonial period. (12 marks) 19 (3)State three methods used by the British to establish colonial rule in Kenya. (3 marks) (b)Explain six problems experienced by the Imperial British East African Company to establish colonial rule in Kenya. (12 marks) 20 (a)Give three reasons Why Africans Were put in reserves during the colonial period. (3 marks) (b)Explain six problems faced by Africans working for the European settlers during the colonial period. (12 marks) 21 (a)State three challenges that have undermined government efforts to eradicate illiteracy in Kenya since independence. (3 marks) (b)Discuss six factors that have facilitated industrialization in Kenya since independence. (12 marks) Section C (30 marks) Answer any two questions from this section. 22 (a)State five decisions reached at after the first Lancaster House Conference of 1960. (5 marks) (b)Describe five main features of the Constitution of Kenya. (10 marks) 23 (a)Give five reasons why human rights are important. (5 marks) (b)Explain five functions of the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights. ( 10 marks) 24 (a)State five qualifications of a presidential candidate in Kenya. (5 marks) (b)Explain five functions of the National Assembly in Kenya.(10 marks)

SECTION A (25 marks) Answer all the question in this section. 1 Identify two branches of history. (2 marks) 2 State one theory that explains how early agriculture developed. (1 mark) 3 Identify two methods of irrigation used in ancient Egypt. 1 (2 marks) 4 Give two features of the_Roman roads_by 300 AD. g A (2 marks) 5 State one advantage of horn blowing as a means of communication during the pre-colonial period. (1 mark) 6 Identify the main source of energy used in the early stages of Industrial Revolution in Europe; (1 mark) 7 State one advantage of using steel over iron during the Industrial Revolution in Europe. (1 mark) 8 Give the main factor that contributed to the emergence of Johannesburg as a modern urban centre (1 mark) 9 Identify two methods used by the European powers to acquire colonies in Africa. (2 marks) 10 Name the European power that colonized Zimbabwe. (1 mark) 11 Identify two types of weapons used during the cold war. (2 marks) 12 State one way in which members of Non-Aligned Movement maintain neutrality in world affairs. (1 mark) 13 Give two functions of the East African Legislative Assembly of the East African Community 2001 .(2 marks) 14 State one function of the Court of Justice of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). (1 mark) 15 Identify two principles of the Arusha Declaration of 1967. (2 marks) 16 Give two categories of persons who are disqualified from contesting for a constituency seat in Britain. (2 marks) 17 Name one house of parliament in India. (1 mark) SECTION B (45 marks) Answer three questions from this section. 18 (a) State five stages of evolution of man. (5 marks) (b) Describe the way of life of human being during the Late Stone Age period. (10 marks) 19 (a) State five disadvantages of using barter trade during the Trans-Saharan trade. (5 marks) (b)Describe the organization of the Trans-Saharan Trade. (10 marks) 20 (a)Identify five forms of print media used in communication. (5 marks) (b)Explain five positive effects of telecommunication is society. (10 marks) 21 (a) State five factors that promoted nationalism in Ghana. (5 marks) (b)Explain five factors that contributed to the success of the Front for the Liberation of the Mozambique (FRELIMO) in the struggle for independence in Mozambique. (10 marks) SECTION C (30 marks) Answer two questions from this section. 22 (a) Give three functions of the Lukiiko in the kingdom of Buganda during the pre-colonial period. (3 marks) (b) Discuss six factors that led to the growth of the Asante empire by the 19th century. (12 marks) 23 (a) Give three reasons why the United States of America did not join the First World War until 1917. (3 marks) (b)Explain six effects of the First World War. (12 marks) 24 (a)State three common characteristics of the Commonwealth member states. (3 marks) (b)Describe six achievements of the Commonwealth since its formation. (12 marks)

KCSE Past Papers History 2015 SECTION A (25 marks) Answer all the questions in this section in the answer booklet provided. 1 Define the term ‘pre-history’. (l mark) 2 Identify two sub-groups of the Kalenjin speakers.(2 marks) 3 State two functions of the council of elders among the Somali. (2 marks) 4 State two economic activities of thev_Akamba during the pre-colonial period. (2 marks) 5 Name the winds that aided the early visitors to come to the Kenyan coast up to 1500 AD. (1 mark) 6 Give two reasons why Seyyid Said moved his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar. (2 marks) 7 Give two peaceful methods of resolving conflicts in Kenya. (2 marks) 8 State two ways in which direct democracy is exercised in Kenya. (2 marks) 9 Give one reason Why the British used indirect rule in some parts of Kenya. (1 mark) 10 Identify two education commissions established in Kenya before independence. (2 marks) 11 Name the body that made laws in Kenya during the colonial period. (1 mark) 12 Outline two problems experienced by political associations in Kenya up to 1939. (2 marks) 13 Who formed the Kenya Peoples’ Union in 1966? (1 mark) 14 Give one type of parliamentary election held in Kenya. (1 mark) 15 Name one ex-official member of the Senate in Kenya. (1 mark) 16 State one feature of African socialism in Kenya. (1 mark) 17 Identify one type of public revenue expenditure by the National Government of Kenya. (1 mark) SECTION B (45 marks) Answer any three questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 18 (a) Give five reasons which influenced the migration of the Abagusii into Kenya during the pre-colonial period. (5 marks) (b)Discuss five effects of migration and settlement of the Plain Nilotes during the pre-colonial period. (10 marks) 19 (a) State five reasons for the Portuguese success inthe conquest of the Kenyan coast. (5 marks) (b) Explain five social effects of the Indian Ocean Trade on the people of the Kenyan coast up to 1500 AD. (10 marks) 20 (a) Give five reasons for the construction of the Uganda railway. (5 marks) (b) Explain five problems encountered during the construction of the Uganda railway.(10 marks) 21 (a)State five factors that facilitated the Man Mau movement. (5 marks) (b)Explain five roles played by the trade union movement in the struggle for independence in Kenya. (10 marks) SECTION C (30 marks) Answer any two questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 22 (a) Give three factors that led to the introduction of multi-party democracy in Kenya in the early 1990s. (3 marks) (b)Describe six achievements of multi-party democracy in Kenya. (12 marks) 23 (a) State three functions of the Chief Justice in Kenya. (3 marks) (b)Explain six problems facing Judiciary in Kenya. (12 marks) 24 (a)State three ways in which the National Government relates with the County Governments. (3 marks) (b)Explain six challenges faced by the County Governments in Kenya. (12 marks)  

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