September 13, 2022

Kenya certificate of secondary education 2020 History and Government paper 1 SECTION A (25 marks) 1.Name two Eastern Cushitic communities who migrated into Kenya during the precolonial period. (2 marks)   Rendille Burji Borana Somali Gabbra Galla/ Oromo2.Identify two forms of Oral Traditions used as sources of information in History and Government. (2 marks)   Songs Riddles Proverbs Folk tales/ stories Tongue twisters Myths Legends Poems3.Give one reason for the coming of the Arabs to the Kenyan Coast before 1500 AD. ( 1 mark)   They came for trade They were looking for settlement They were escaping religious persecution/ conflicts/ civil wars They came for adventure/ exploration They came to spread Islam4.Give two commodities obtained from the Kenyan Coast during the Long Distance Trade. (2 marks)   Cloths/ silk Beads Iron ware/ tools Utensils/ glass/ porcelain bowls Cowrie shells Spices Weapons/ guns/swords/ daggers5.Apart from Fort Jesus, which other historical monument was built by the Portuguese in Kenya ? (1 mark) Vasco da Gama Pillar (in Malindi) 6.Highlight two National Days celebrated in Kenya. (2 marks)   Madaraka Mashujaa Jamhuri7.State the main reason for the formation of the Inter-Party Parliamentary Group (IPPG) in 1997.(1 mark) To ensure a level playing ground for all political parties/ promote free and fair elections. 8.Outline two ways through which African communities in Kenya responded to the British colonisation.(2 marks) i.They resisted ii. They collaborated iii. They offered mixed reaction 9.Highlight two arms of the National Government of Kenya. (1 mark) i. The legislature ii. The executive iii. The judiciary 10.Give two social functions of the Orkoiyot among the Nandi during the precolonial period.(2 marks) i. Foretelling the future ii. Presiding over religious funtions/ was a religious leader iii. Arbitrating disputes iv. Blessing warriors v. Rainmaker vi. Medicine man 11.State two ways in which the rule of law is maintained in Kenya. (2 marks) i. All citizens/ people are treated equal before the law ii. An accused person is assumed/ treated as innocent until proved guilty/ taking suspects to court of law for trial iii. An accused person is given a fair hearing/ a chance to defend themselves/ right of appeal iv. By ensuring independence of the judiciary v. By guaranteeing legal representation of the accused 12.Who authored the Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965? ( 1 mark ) Thomas Joseph Mboya/ Tom Mboya 13.Identify the education commission which recommended the establishment of the 8-4-4 S system of education in Kenya. (1 mark) The Presidential Working Party on Second University in Kenya/ The Mackay Commission 14.Give two types of government expenditure. (2 marks) i. Capital expenditure ii. Recurrent expenditure 15.Identify the Chief Executive of a County Government in Kenya. (1 mark) The County Governor 16.Outline the main grievance of the Ukamba Members Association against the colonial government in Kenya.(1 mark) The De-stocking policy 17.Besides peace and love, name the other pillar of Nyayoism. (1 mark) Unity SECTION B (45 marks) 18. (a)Name five communities among the Plain Nilotes who settled in Kenya during the colonial period.(5 marks) i. The Maasai ii. The Samburu/ Burkeneji iii. The Njemps/ Ilchamus iv. Iteso v. The Turkana (b)Describe the political organisation of the Agikuyu during the precolonial period. (10 marks) i. The family was the basic unit of the society headed by a man/ the father ii. They had a decentralized form of government headed by a council of elders iii. They had clans which were formed by several related families iv. Each clan was ruled by a council of elders known as ‘kiama’/ headed by a Muramati v. They had a higher council of elders who acted as a court of appeal/ administered justice in the community/ settled disputes vi. They had an age-set system which comprised of boys who had undergone circumcision at the same time vii. They had warriors who defended the community against external attacks 19. (a)State five reasons for the coming of the Portuguese to the Kenyan Coast. (5 marks) i. To trade with the Coastal towns / create a trading empire ii. To find a guide for the sea route to India iii. To look for the legendary Prester John iv. To explore the vast Kenyan Coast/ satisfy their spirit of adventure v. To spread Christianity/ counter the influence of Islam/ revenge against the Arabs vi. The Kenyan Coast was strategic for supplies/ prevent the control of the coast by the Turks / Arabs/ To control the East African Coast vii. Presence of natural harbors (b) Explain five challenges faced by early Christian missionaries in their work in Kenya. ( 10 marks) i. Tropical diseases such as Malaria claimed the lives of many missionaries/ slowed down their work ii. Islam posed stiff competition to Christianity at the Coast since Islam was already established in the region iii. Missionaries faced resistance/ hostility from Africans because Christian teaching condemned some African traditions/ practices like polygamy / female circumcision iv. Poor transport and communication network/ lack of roads hindered movement into the interior v. Missionaries lacked a common language of communication with Africans making it difficult to share the gospel vi. Rivalry among different missionary groups hindered cooperation among them vii. Christian Missionaries faced hostility from slave traders since they condemned it and wanted it abolished viii. Inadequate funds made it difficult for the missionaries to finance all their operations ix. They lacked enough personnel to spread Christianity over the vast/ expansive region x. Hostile African communities such as the Nandi/ Oromo vandalized mission stations/ installations/ facilities xi. Inadequate supplies of food/ medicines undermined their ability to carry out their work effectively. xii. Threat/ menance of wild animals such as lions, snakes which could attack/ harm them xiii. Sometimes, their guides/ porters deserted them robbing them thereby slowing their mission 20. (a)Highlight five reasons why settler farming was encouraged in Kenya during the colonial period. (5 marks) i. To strengthen the colonial economy/ make Kenya a white man’s country ii. To finance the administrative costs of the colony iii. To recover the cost of construction of

HISTORY& GOVERNMENT PAPER:311 /2 KCSE 2021 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A (25MARKS) 1.Identify two forms of government(2 marks) i)Democratic/Democracy ii)Dictatorial/Authoritarian/Totalitarian/Dictatorship/Autocracy iii)Aristocratic /Aristocracy/Oligarchy iv)Monarchical /monarchy v)Theocratic /Theocracy vi)Plutocratic /Plutocracy 2. State two basic methods in which the early human beings obtained food(2 marks) i)They hunted wild animals ii)They gathered wild fruits/roots iii)They cultivated crops iv)They carried out fishing v)They kept livestock 3. Define the term Agriculture (1 mark) Is the cultivation of crops and rearing/keeping of livestock 4.Givethe main reason why the Atlantic ocean was important in the Trans Atlantic Trade(1 mark) It enabled the movement/transportation of goods/people by ships from Europe/Africa/America 5.Highlight two types of indirect Democracy (2 marks) i)Parliamentary ii)Presidential iii)Composite/local authority 6.Give two limitations of using motorcycle as a means of transport(2 marks) i)Frequent accidents ii)Limited carrying capacity iii)Affected by adverse weather conditions/Wet weather iv)It is expensive to use/purchase/maintain v)It is prone to attacks 7. Highlight one factor that to the growth of the ancient city of Athens(1mark) i)Its proximity to the port/water transport ii)Participation in trade/commerce iii)Its strategic position/surrounded by water/defence site iv)Cultural centre v)Educational centre vi)Religious centre 8. Give one reason why Lubengula was defeated by the British(1 mark) i)The British had superior weapons than him ii)Lack of unity among his people/lack of support from his neighbors e.g Shona iii)British army was batter trained/well organized iv)Lubengulas soldiers were weakened by small pox v)British army got reinforcement from South Africa vi)The fleeing of Lubengula demoralized his people 9. Identify two racial groups who competed for the control of South Africa during the Apartheid Era (2marks) i)The Europeans/the Dutch/Afrikaners/boers/Whites/British ii)The Asians/Indians iii)The Africans/the Blacks iv)The coloured 10. Give the method of administration by the British in Northern Nigeria (1 mark)   Indirect rule11. State two types of nationalism in South Africa during the struggle for majority rule(2 marks) i)African ii)Afrikaner iii)British 12. Name the person who initiated the formation of the Tripple Alliance in 1882(1 mark)   Otto Von Bismark (accept Bismark)13.Give the body that was formed after the second World War to promote world peace(1 mark)   The United Nations Organization/United Nations14. Highlight two organs of East African Community 2001.(2 marks) i)The secretariat ii)The Summit iii)The East African Legislative Assembly iv)Coordinating committee v)Council of Ministers vi)The East African Court of Justice vii)Sectoral Committee 15. State two common functions of early urban centres in Africa (2 marks) i)They were administrative centres ii)They were trade/commercial centres iii)They were cultural/recreational centres iv)They were defence centres/security V)They were transport/communication centres vi)They were educational centres vii)They were religious centres viii)They were mining/industrial centres 16. State the main function of the House of Commons in Britain   It legislates/makes/amends laws17. Name one ideological bloc which was involved in the Cold War(1 mark) i)Communist ii)Capitalist SECTION B(45 MARKS) 18.a) state five factors that contributed to the development of agriculture in ancient Egypt(5 marks) i)The close proximity to Mesopotamia ii)Availability of water from river Nile /water for irrigation iii)Existence of indigenous crops/animals iv)They had visionary leaders v)Invention of farming tools/ox plough/bronze hoes vi)Invention of irrigation methods vii)Availability of fertile soils/silt on the Nile Valley viii)High demand for food ix)Availability of labour x)The Nile Valley was well protected against foreign invasion b) Explain five effects of Agrarian Revolution in Britain(10 marks) i)The farmers abandoned subsistence farming in favour of large scale farming ii)It contributed to industrial Revolution by providing the raw materials required in industries. iii)There was increased food production due to improved farming methods iv)It led to mechanization of farming which enabled tilling of large tracts of land. v)Food was produced in large quantities which boosted food security Vi)It led to rural urban migration as poor peasants sold their lands to the rich vii)It boosted trade as surplus Agricultural products were sold locally/internationally viii)It enhance research /scientific innovation which improved Agricultural production/Royal Agricultural Society ix)High quality livestock breeds like Fressian cow/Leicester/Suffolk sheep were reared x)It stimulated the expansion of the transport network thereby easing movement of farm produce xi)It led to migration of some landless people to USA/Canada/New Zealand/Australia/South Africa in search of opportunities xii)It led to increase in land prices due to high demand xiii)It led to population increase due to availability of food xiv)It led to the emergence of the social classes in the society e.g the poor and the rich Xv)It led to improved living standards due to increased income from Agriculture Xvi)t led to unemployment due to farm mechanization 19.a) State five similar effects of early Agriculture in Mesopotamia and Egypt(5 marks) i)It led to sedentary life/settled life ii)It led to increased food production iii)Trading/commercial activities developed iv)It led to development of urban centres/towns v)Specialization/division of labour was realized vii)It led to the discovery of writing/arithmetic/geometry viii)It caused population increase ix)It led to stratification in the society x)It led to the development of religion b) Describe five characteristics of industrial Revolution in Europe (10 marks) i)Development of better of transport/road/railways/water which enabled faster movement of goods/services ii)There was large scale production of goods due to use of machines iii)The increased use of steam power led to efficiency in production of goods/services iv)There was rise in capitalism as a class of wealthy people emerged/social stratification v)There was application of scientific knowledge leading to mass production vi)There was development of trade as surplus manufactured goods were exchanged vii)There was increased use of iron/steel in the construction of industries/machines viii)The use of machines replaced human labor thereby lowering cost of production ix)There was rise of factory system as many industries were established in towns x)Trade unionism/movement developed as workers agitated for better wages/working conditions/rights xi)It improved living standards of the people due to income xii)Factory workers were organized in shifts for continuous production 20.a) State five limitations of written records (5 marks) i)It takes/consumes a lot of time to read /write ii)The information may be biased/exaggerated /distorted iii)They are expensive to buy iv)Vital information may be omitted v)It is prone to misinterpretation vi) Their use is limited to the literate in the society b) Explain five results of African collaboration with Europeans in late

History& Government Paper:311 /1 KCSE 2021 Marking Scheme Section A (25 MARKS) 1.Identify two linguistic groups in Kenya i) Bantu ii) Nilotes iii) Cushites 2.State two ways in which the Agikuyu interacted with the Akamba during the Pre-colonial period i) Through intermarriage ii) Through trade iii) Through warfare iv Through raiding v) Through sporting activities/wrestling 3. Give the main economic activity of the plain nilotes during the pre-colonial period   Pastoralism /Livestock keeping4. Highlight two factors which led to increase in demand for slaves along the East African Coast during the 19 century i) Demand for cheap African labour in Portuguese/French plantations ii Demand for domestic workers in Arab world/Arabia iii) Establishment of plantation agriculture at the Coast 5. Name the document that contains the Bill of Rights for Kenyan Citizens   The constitution of Kenya6. Give the meaning of the term ‘conflict’   It is a situation where people/groups/countries are involved in a disagreement/fight/war between people/state of disharmony7. Identify the type of the constitution used in Kenya   Written8. Identify two colors of the national flag in Kenya i) Green ii) White iii) Red iv) Black 9. State two causes of the Bukusu resisistance against the British i) They were against imposition /recognition of Nabongo Mumia as their leader ii) They were opposed to British demand to surrender their guns ii) They wanted to safeguard their independence iv) They were opposed to taxation They detested the European interference with their cultural practices 10. Identify the Cushitic community which attacked the Bantu at Shungwaya during the pre-colonial period   Oromo/Orma/Galla/Wagalla11. Name the political party that led Kenya to Independence   The Kenya National African Union (KANU)12. State one common political characteristic of the National Philosophies in Kenya i) They promote Nationalism/patriotism ii) They promote national unity/cohesion iii) They promote democratic practices 13. Give two types of elections held in Kenya i) General elections ii) By-elections 14. Highlight two branches of the National Government of Kenya i) Legislature/ parliament(Not National Assembly /Senate) ii) Judiciary iii) Executive 15. Give one reason for the adaptation of the African Socialism in Kenya i)The desire to promote unity in the country ii)The desire to create a society free from inequality/oppression/racism iii)The desire to create just/humane society 16 identify the commission that recommended cost sharing in education sector in Kenya   The Kamunge Commission17. State two ways in which the National Government of Kenya spends its recurrent expenditure i) It repairs/maintains infrastructure ii) It establishes /maintains security organs iii) It pays salaries for state/public officers iv ) It services domestic/external debts v) It maintains foreign embassies vi) It provides for social services/health care/education/cash transfers to elderly vii) It caters for emergencies viii) Contributes to international organizations i.e UNO,COMESA,AU,EA 18. a) State five causes of migration of the Highland Nilotes into Kenya during the pre-colonial period(5 marks) i) There was outbreak of diseases ii) There was population pressure iii) Due to their love for adventure/spirit of adventure/curiosity iv)Due to natural calamity/drought/famine v) They were searching for land for cultivation vi)They were running away from hostile neighbors/external attacks vii) Due to internal conflicts /family feuds viii) They were searching for pasture/water b )Describe the social organization of the Borana in the 19th century (10 marks) i) It was a patrilineal society where first born son inherited the fathers property ii) Basic social unit was a family with the most senior married man as the head of the family iii) They practicised circumcision for boys which marked a higher stage in life iv) It had ageset system/Gada which comprised of people initiated at the same period v) They practiced polygamous and exogamous marriage where one would marry from a different clan vi) They were religious/worshipped God called Wak/Waq who was the creator of the universe vii) They had religious leaders/Qaalu through whom they worshipped their God viii)They performed social ceremonies/marriages/religious rituals/offering sacrifices to mark/celebrate important events in life/community ix) Women were incharge of household chores/built houses/cared for the children/Division of labour x) The society was divided into clans consisting of related families xi) Related/unrelated families lived in camps 19 a) Identify five categories of special groups of people whose rights are enshrined in the constitution of Kenya (5 marks) i) The youth ii) Persons living with disabilities iii) Children iv) The minority/marginalized v) Older members of the society vi)The Arrested/detained/held in custody/imprisoned b) Explain five challenges faced by African political organization in Kenya up to 1939 (10marks) i)The leaders/members were arrested deported in order to disconnect them from the people/curtail their political activities. ii) Their members were harassed by colonial authorities through the introduction of Kipande system/to monitor their movements iii) They experienced leadership wrangles/competition which weakened their fabric/undermined their activities iv) They lacked the requisite/necessary leadership experiences/skills which made them less effective v) Some of them were banned/proscribed by the colonial government (Kikuyu Central Association) thus hindering their operations Vi )Disunity /Tribalism/ethnicity among the organizations which facilitated divide and rule scheme by the colonial government. 20 a) Highlight five features of the independence constitution of Kenya (5marks) i) It provided for the position of the head of stte/Governor General ii) It provided for a Bicameral government/Senate and the House of Representative iii) It provided for a public service commission/civil service iv) It provided for automatic citizenship for all Kenyans v) It provided for a coalition government/power sharing between political parties vi) It provided for multipartism vii) It created an independent/impartia judiciary/judicial service commission viii) It provided for regional/majimbo/federal system of government ix) It created an independent Electoral Commission/Electoral Commission of Kenya x) It provided for the Bill of Rights xi) It provided for the position of the Prime Minister who was the head of Government b) Describe five factors which led to the collapse of the Imperial British East African Company(IBEAC)in 1894 (10marks) i)Resistance by Africans who undermined the company’s operations ii) There was poor communication between it and the Head office in Britain hence poor coordination of activities. iii) There was lack of strategic natural resources/minerals

DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION SCIENCE MODULE III-2913/306 introduction to legal aspect of information meaning of legal aspect of information purpose of legal aspect in information services historical background of legal information services nature of legal information services in Kenya intellectual property law meaning of interlectual property nature of copyright law nature of piracy law paternts legislation law of contract in information services legislation governing information systems meaning of legislation information systems purpose of legislation in information systems legislation in records and archives management law governing library and information systems law governing publishing and book trade legislation governing media centers nature of meseums services meaning of legal deposit censorship meaning of censorship purpose of censorship types of censorship legislation governing censorship methods of managing censorship information policy 20 hrs meaning of information policy purpose of onformation policy types of information policies legal framework in information services procedures of formulating information policy proffesionals ethics in information management14 hrs meaning of information management purpose of information management proffesionals ethics in information management standards in information management 14 hrs meaning of standards in information management purpose standards in information management sources of standards in information management standards in library inrecords and archives information systems standards in library and information systems standards in electronics information management emerging issues and trends 6hrs emerging issues and trends challenges posed by emerging trends issues and trends ways of coping with the emerging issues and trends Topic 2 intellectual property law meaning of interlectual property nature of copyright law nature of piracy law paternts legislation law of contract in information services Intellectual property law What is Intellectual Property? Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions; literary and artistic works; and symbols, names and images used in commerce. Intellectual property is divided into two categories: Industrial Property includes patents for inventions, trademarks, industrial designs and geographical indications. Copyright covers literary works (such as novels, poems and plays), films, music, artistic works (e.g., drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures) and architectural design. Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their recordings, and broadcasters in their radio and television programs. What are intellectual property rights? Intellectual property rights are like any other property right. They allow creators, or owners, of patents, trademarks or copyrighted works to benefit from their own work or investment in a creation. Protect intellectual property? There are several compelling reasons. The progress and well-being of humanity rest on its capacity to create and invent new works in the areas of technology and culture. The legal protection of new creations encourages the commitment of additional resources for further innovation. The promotion and protection of intellectual property spurs economic growth, creates new jobs and industries, and enhances the quality and enjoyment of life. An efficient and equitable intellectual property system can help all countries to realize intellectual property’s potential as a catalyst for economic development, social and cultural well-being. The intellectual property system helps strike a balance between the interests of innovators and the public interest, providing an environment in which creativity and invention can flourish, for the benefit of all.  benefit from  intellectual property Intellectual property rights reward creativity and human endeavor, which fuel the progress of humankind. Some examples: The multibillion dollar film, recording, publishing and software industries – which bring pleasure to millions of people worldwide – would not exist without copyright protection. Without the rewards provided by the patent system, researchers and inventors would have little incentive to continue producing better and more efficient products for consumers. Consumers would have no means to confidently buy products or services without reliable, international trademark protection and enforcement mechanisms to discourage counterfeiting and piracy. PATENT LEGISLATION A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention –a product or process that provides a new way of doing something, or that offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides patent owners with protection for their inventions. Protection is granted for a limited period, generally 20 years. IMPORTANT OF PATENTS Patents provide incentives to individuals by recognizing their creativity and offering the possibility of material reward for their marketable inventions. Encourage innovation, which in turn enhances the quality of human life. WHAT KIND OF PROTECTION DO PATENTS OFFER? Patent protection means an invention cannot be commercially made, used, distributed or sold without the patent owner’s consent. Patent rights are usually enforced in courts that, in most systems, hold the authority to stop patent infringement. Conversely, a court can also declare a patent invalid upon a successful challenge by a third party. WHAT RIGHTS DO PATENTOWNERS HAVE? A patent owner has the right to decide who may – or may not – use the patented invention for the period during which it is protected. Patent owners may give permission to, or license, other parties to use their inventions on mutually agreed terms. Owners may also sell their invention rights to someone else, who then becomes the new owner of the patent. Once a patent expires, protection ends and the invention enters the public domain. This is also known as becoming off patent, meaning the owner no longer holds exclusive rights to the invention, and it becomes available for commercial exploitation by others. What role do patents play in everyday life? Patented inventions have pervaded every aspect of human life, from electric lighting (patents held by Edison and Swan) and sewing machines (patents held by Howe and Singer), to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (patents held by Damadian) and the iPhone (patents held by Apple). In return for patent protection, all patent owners are obliged to publicly disclose information on their inventions in order to enrich the total body of technical knowledge in the world. This ever increasing body of public knowledge promotes further creativity and innovation. Patents therefore provide not only protection for their owners but also valuable information and inspiration for future generations of researchers and inventors. SHORT FALL OF PATERN ACT Hindered local research and ignored the protection

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN. Systems development is systematic process which includes phases such as planning, analysis, design, deployment, and maintenance. Systems Analysis It is a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the problems, and decomposition of a system into its components. System analysis is conducted for the purpose of studying a system or its parts in order to identify its objectives. It is a problem solving technique that improves the system and ensures that all the components of the system work efficiently to accomplish their purpose. Analysis specifies what the system should do. Systems Design It is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing system by defining its components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements. Before planning, you need to understand the old system thoroughly and determine how computers can best be used in order to operate efficiently. System Design focuses on how to accomplish the objective of the system. System Analysis and Design (SAD) mainly focuses on -Systems, Processes, Technology What is a System? The word System is derived from Greek word Systema, which means an organized relationship between any set of components to achieve some common cause or objective. A system is “an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific goal.” Constraints of a System A system must have three basic constraints − A system must have some structure and behavior which is designed to achieve a predefined objective. Interconnectivity and interdependence must exist among the system components. The objectives of the organization have a higher priority than the objectives of its subsystems. For example, traffic management system, payroll system, automatic library system, human resources information system. Properties of a System:- A system has the following properties Organization Organization implies structure and order. It is the arrangement of components that helps to achieve predetermined objectives. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGNS NOTES Interaction It is defined by the manner in which the components operate with each other. For example, in an organization, purchasing department must interact with production department and payroll with personnel department. Interdependence Interdependence means how the components of a system depend on one another. For proper functioning, the components are coordinated and linked together according to a specified plan. The output of one subsystem is the required by other subsystem as input. Integration Integration is concerned with how a system components are connected together. It means that the parts of the system work together within the system even if each part performs a unique function. Central Objective The objective of system must be central. It may be real or stated. It is not uncommon for an organization to state an objective and operate to achieve another. The users must know the main objective of a computer application early in the analysis for a successful design and conversion. Elements of a System The following diagram shows the elements of a system Outputs and Inputs The main aim of a system is to produce an output which is useful for its user.     Inputs are the information that enters into the system for processing. Output is the outcome of processing. Processor(s) The processor is the element of a system that involves the actual transformation of input into output. It is the operational component of a system. Processors may modify the input either totally or partially, depending on the output specification. As the output specifications change, so does the processing. In some cases, input is also modified to enable the processor for handling the transformation. Control The control element guides the system. It is the decision-making subsystem that controls the pattern of activities governing input, processing, and output. The behavior of a computer System is controlled by the Operating System and software. In order to keep system in balance, what and how much input is needed is determined by Output Specifications. Feedback Feedback provides the control in a dynamic system. Positive feedback is routine in nature that encourages the performance of the system. Negative feedback is informational in nature that provides the controller with information for action. Environment The environment is the “supersystem” within which an organization operates. It is the source of external elements that strike on the system. It determines how a system must function. For example, vendors and competitors of organization’s environment, may provide constraints that affect the actual performance of the business. Boundaries and Interface A system should be defined by its boundaries. Boundaries are the limits that identify its components, processes, and interrelationship when it interfaces with another system. Each system has boundaries that determine its sphere of influence and control. The knowledge of the boundaries of a given system is crucial in determining the nature of its interface with other systems for successful design. Types of Systems The systems can be divided into the following types − Physical or Abstract Systems Physical systems are tangible entities. We can touch and feel them. Physical System may be static or dynamic in nature. For example, desks and chairs are the physical parts of computer center which are static. A programmed computer is a dynamic system in which programs, data, and applications can change according to the user’s needs. Abstract systems are non-physical entities or conceptual that may be formulas, representation or model of a real system. Open or Closed Systems An open system must interact with its environment. It receives inputs from and delivers output the outside of the system. For example, an information system which must adapt to the changing environmental conditions. A closed system does not interact with its environment. It is isolated from environmental influences. A completely closed system is rare in reality. Adaptive and Non Adaptive System Adaptive System responds to the change in the environment in a way to improve their performance and to survive. For example, human beings, animals. Non Adaptive System is the system which does not respond to the environment. For example, machines. Permanent or Temporary System Permanent System persists for long

Meaning- refers to knowledge of obtained from investigation, study or instruction- refers to the communication or reception of knowledge or intelligence. Importance of information in society 1. Creates confidence among individuals 2. facilitate effective contributors 3. it helping  in forming opinions 4. it promotes problem solving approaches and thinking skills 5. Helps in evaluating sources and making decisions TYPES OF SOCIETIES A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction , or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory. Types 1. hunting and gathering – they survive by hunting and gathering edible plants until about 1200yrs qgo, all socities were hunters and gathers. Charateristics of hunting and gathering socities the primarily institution is the family which decides how food is to be shared and how children are to be socialised and which provide for the protection of it’s members.-they tend to be small with fewer family members of less than 50.- members display a high level of interdependence.- labour division is based on sex or gender, men hunt and women gather- they tend to be nomadic moving to a new areas pastoral – they survive on domestication and breeding of animals for food horticultural- they use hand tools to tend crops .the hand tool they used were simple sticks or how – like instrument used to punch holes in the ground so that crops could be planted Agricultural – the invention of the plough during the horticulture and pastoral is considered the second social revolution and it led to the establishment of Agricultural socities approximately 5000-6000yrs ago Advantages of agriculture societies 1. animals were used to pull the plough. 2. towns form and then cities 3. as the soil is created during ploughing it yields more  crops for longer periods of time 4. increase productivity 5. fewer people are directly involved in the production of food and economy becomes more simple. 4. industrial they used advanced source of energy rather than human being and animals to run large machinery . 5. Post – industrial society/ digital society the industrial revolution transformed western societies in many unexpected ways. Characteristics of post – industrial society 1. focus on old ideas 2. need for higher education 3. shift in work place from cities to homes 4. mass society Characteristics of information 1. other resources depend on information and knowledge. 2. it’s a resource itself 3. it’s alive 4. it’s compressible 5. it’s substitutable 6. it’s diffusive 7. it’s shareable Types of information in a society 1. technological information; 2. economic information; 3. cultural information; 4. occupation information; refers to the collection of details about occupational and educational opportunities 5. Spatial information: is the digital connection between location, people and activities. This information can graphically illustrate what is happening where, how and why to show the insight and impact of the past, the present and the likely future. often communicated verbally, in natural language such as English. People give and receive verbal route directions INFORMATION NEEDS IN THE SOCIETY Meaning it’s an individual or a group design to locate or obtain Information to satisfy actual user or potential user Process of assessing community information needs 1. identify who the users will be ; identify their age , gender educational level / background , lecturer level and nature of their profession. 2. identify what their information needs are; their main subject the kind of the information they need the material to be used and the important of local , national, regional or international information. 3. identify materials that are available ; consider the cost of the material and whether the information professional can afford to buy. 4. how information can be disseminated ; consider the method of disseminating information  that would based  suit the resource center users – the method include books display and exhibition current awareness bulleting , resource list and document supply service. NB#  A need assessment can be carried out by ; interviewing the people . organizing a focus group discussion . asking potential/ actual group of users to complete questionnaires. analyzing the borrowers / user statistic. Factors influencing information needs in a society 1. Qualifications 2. sex/gender 3. age 4. teaching and research experience 5. socio – economic background 6. availability of information source and services 7. motivation 8. profession orientation Methods used to create awareness in the society 1. Catalogues 2. library website 3. social media 4. website announcement 5. booklets 6. direct mails 7. newsletters 8. published guides SEVEN PRINCIPLES OF ADULT EDUCATION 1. Adults cannot be made to learn. they will only learn when they are internally motivated to do so . 2. adults will only learn what they feel they need when they are practical 3. adults learn by doing active participation especially important to adult learners in comparison to children 4. adult- learning is problem- based and these problems must be realistic 5. adult learning is affected by the experience each learner brings.. Role of information in economic development 1. It helps to solve the economic problems of the under- developed areas and provide advancement to perform better to the development economies  . 2. Information services help individuals to run through computer- based programs to help reduce the human effort. 3. Help increase specialization leading to economic growth. 4. Helps to provide a competitive edge of the country’s economy in the era of global economic competition 5. Helps provide the economic growth and services in order to maintained to achieved growth SEVEN PRINCIPLES OF ADULT EDUCATION 1. Adults cannot be made to learn. they will only learn when they are internally motivated to do so . 2. Adults will only learn what they feel they need when they are practical 3. Adults learn by doing active participation especially important to adult learners in comparison to children 4. Adult- learning is problem- based and these problems must be realistic 5. Adult learning is affected by the experience each learner brings.. Effects of information on social change in society 1.Globalization – information can