September 16, 2022

 Islamic Religious Education Paper 2 (314/2) l. (a) Benefits of good morals to the Muslim youth. (i) eliminates crime, quarrels and fighting among the youth. (ii) promotes peace and harmony in the society. (iii) enables the youth to be responsible members of society. (iv) enables youth to contribute positively to the Ummah. (v) pervasive behaviour and sins will be minimal. (vi) enhaces good relations with Allah, self and other members of the society. (vii) fosters respect between different members of the society/one is respected. (viii) makes one to grow both spiritually and socially. (iX) eliminates deliquency or anti-social behaviour. (X) morally upright youth are successful members of the society as they contribute to the social, political and economic development of the society. (Xi) morally upright youth serve as role models and can serve as agents for social change. (xii) upholding good morals may be a basis for attracting other people to Islam. 8 x 1 = 8 marks (b) Rationale for the prohibition of abortion in Islam. (i) denies the child right to life which is a fundamental purpose of Shariah. (ii) it takes away the right of Allah who is the absolute giver of life. (iii) goes against laws of Allah and Sunnah of the Prophet (P.b.u.h.) Q 17:31. (iv) threatens the survival of the human race. It is a great crime that is punishable under the laws of Allah. (v) can lead to the death of the mother. (vi) causes health complications and trauma to the mother. (vii)can lead to social stigmatization. (viii) discourages responsible intimacy within marriage. (iX) causes depression and a sense of guilt for killing an innocent life. (X) can lead to family breakup. 7 x 1 = 7 marks (c) Manners of sleeping that a Muslim can adopt from the Sunnah of the Prophet (P.b.u.h.). (i) recitation of dua before sleeping and when waking up. (ii) recitation of the muawadhateiri. (iii) sleeping on the right side. (iv) taking wudhu before sleeping. (v) nibbing the whole body after reciting the dua and muawadhatein. (vi) do not sleep during prayer time. people of the same sex should not cover themselves with the same cover/should (vii) not sleep under the same cover. facing Qibla. (viii)covering nakedness. (x) in case of a bad dream, recite a dua and change direction. (xi) check beddings before sleep. (xi) give wasiya. (xii) relax before getting up from the bed. (xiii) sleep earlyafter [shah and wake up early. 5 x 1 = 5 marks 2. (a) Factors that will prevent a heir from inheriting a deceased Muslim. (i) differences in religion, a Muslim and a non-Muslim cannot inherit from each other. (ii) murder, a person who kills intentionally is denied the right to inherit. (iii) slavery, slaves can neither inherit nor be inherited. 3 x 1 = 3 marks (b) How Islam empower women economically. (i) women are accorded the right to own property. (ii) women are allowed to engage in income generating activities such as business, legal employment, etc. (iii) entitled to a definite share of inheritance from parents, husbands, and close relatives. (iv) allowed to receive dowry from their husbands. (v) married women should be taken care of by their husbands hence can use their earnings in investment of their choice. (vi) the fact that Islam makes it compulsory for both men and women to seek knowledge opens the avenues for both parties to advance in different careers and also in the job market. (vii) Islam allows women to receive gifts and be recipients of the proceeds from religious endownments (Waqf) which could be of high-economic value. (viii) women are entitled to financial support if they are taking care of the custody of the children after divorce. 7 x 1 = 7 marks (c) Ways through which Muslims can assist in the eradication of corruption in the society. (i) Muslims should neither accept nor give bribes. They should be beyond reproach, as far as the issue of corruption is concerned. (ii) by reporting those involved in corruption to the relevant authorities so that action can be taken against them. (iii) for those in authority, appointments should be on merit, no one should be promoted unprocedurally, there should be no nepotism. (iv) through advocating for good governance, fairness and justice in all dealings. Muslims should always be the first to speak and oppose injustice and corruption. (v) creating public awareness through the mass media so as to enlighten the society on the ills of corruption. (vi) corruption as a topic taught in schools – this inculcates good hence they cannot engage in corruption. (vii) advocating for severe punishment for those engaged in corrupt deals so as to deter anyone from engaging in the vice. 5 X 2 = 10 marks 3. (a) Process of talaq in Islam. (i) the husband and wife try to settle their disputes among themselves. (ii) if it fails then arbitration should be sought from relatives of both parties. (iii) if it fails the husband should refuse to share the bed with the wife. (iv) if it fails, the husband administers light beating. (v) if all the above fails to bring reconciliation the husband pronounces divorce which should be done in a clear manner and in line with the Prophet’s teachings e.g. avoiding divorcing her while in menstruation, pronouncing the divorce one at a time. (vi) the wife to observe the eddaz‘ in husband’s house, and should be maintained by the husband. 6 x 1 = 6 marks (b) Why the family is considered as the foundation of the Islamic society. (i) The family is considered to be the first school (Madrasa). This is based on the Islamic principle that states that the mother is a school. (ii) The Islamic society is built on the basis of a legitimate marriage which provides a strong foundation where children are raised under the care, love and guidance of both parents. (iii) The family provides a conducive environment where members relate in a compassionate and loving manner. (iv) The family gives the child a sense of belonging

 Islamic Religious Education Paper 1 (314/ 1) 1. (a) Reasons why the Quran is regarded as the final revelation. (i) It was revealed to the last of all Prophets i.e. Prophet Muhammad last Ummah (Q 33:40). (ii) It’s message is meant for the whole mankind in contrast to other revelations that were community specific. (iii) It’s teachings are applicable at all times and situations hence no necessity for any new revelation. (iv) Allah has promised to Protect it until the day of judgement (Q 15:9). (v) The Quran contains teachings of the other earlier revealed books. (vi) The Prophet (p .b .u .h) proclaimed that the message of the Quran is final. (6 x 1 = 6 marks) (b) The Quran was not compiled into one book (Mushaf) during the lifetime of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) because, (i) As long as the Prophet (p .b .u.h) was alive, there was a possibility of fresh revelation of the Quran. (ii) Religious and legal issues or disputes were referred to the Prophet (p.b.u.h) for arbitration and guidance, thus removing the need for compilation of the Quran. (iii) There was a little time to write a book as Muslims were actively involved in defending themselves against attacks from non believers and in preaching Islam. (iv) Those who could read and write were few, thus writing a Mushafwas not a priority. (v) There were no disputes or controversy with regard to the pronunciation of the Quran during the prophet’s time. (vi) The fear of loss of the Quran did not arise as majority of the companions had memorized it, were alive and so was the Prophet (p .b .u .h). (vii) The last revelation occurred shortly before the death of the prophet, thus leaving little room for compilation. (viii) Due to the fact that some verses were abrogated in the course of the revelation and therefore flexibility needed to be maintained. (ix) The verses and chapters were not always revealed in their final order. (6 x 1 = 6 marks) (c) Characteristics of Makkan Surahs. (i)The Makkan Surah invite the people by addressing them “O people” given that majority of the audience had not embraced Islam. (ii) Makkan Surah were mostly short and concise; they were easy to remember and meant to attract the attentions of the listeners to the message of Islam. (iii) Makkan Surah are centered on fundamental doctrines of Tawhid (oneness of God), the day of judgement, reward and punishment. (iv) Allah uses harsh and strong language to convey the message of the stubborn Quraish. (V) Verses of the Quran in Makkan Surah are often repetitive. (Vi) Makkan chapters are full of warnings. (Vii) Stories or narratives of previous prophets and their communities are discussed in Makkan Surah. (Viii) Description of hell fire and severe punishments are common in Makkan Surah Muslims are often urged to be patient in the face of opposition against their faith. (iX) Those who accept the call are promised great rewards by Allah. (X) Rhyme-Prose is more common in Makkan Surah. Such a technique had a lasting impact on the targeted audience some of whom converted to Islam from hearing it. (Umar’s conversion after listening to Surah Twaha). (Xi) Makkah Surahs emphasize on tawhid. (xii) Denounce idol worship. (xiv)Malckah Surah require performance of Sijdaful tilawa. (8 x 1 = 8 marks) 2. (a) Teachings of Surah An-Nasr. (i) The Surah indicated the approaching death of the Prophet (p.b.u.h). (ii) It directs the Prophet (p .b .u .h) and the Muslims to give thanks and praise to Allah for the victory and other achievements in life. (iii) Man should repent and seek for forgiveness from Allah. (iv) Allah is all forgiving all merciful. (v)The Surah indicated the end of the mission of Prophet Muhammad (p .b .u .h). (vi)It predicted the victory of Islam over all other religions, as a large number of people were embracing Islam following the conquest of Makka. (4 x 2 = 8 marks) (b) Conditions to be fulfilled by a translator of the Quran. (i) Should have a good mastery of Arabic language, both grammar and a broad Arabic vocabulary. (ii) Must have a good understanding of the language he/she is trar (iii) Must have mastery of the science of the Quran (Ulumul Quran) including legal verses, Asbab Nuzul e.t.c. (iv) Should have a deep understanding of Islamic religion including such branches as hadith,_fiqh, seem, among others. (v) One should be sincere in translation work with the sole aim of earning the pleasure of Allah and not for material gains or to discredit Islam. (vi) One should refrain from extensive use of his/her personal opinion. (vii) The translator must be a Muslim (Mukalaf). (viii) The translator must be just, of high integrity and pious. (ix) Translator must make reference to the knowledge of sahabas and Tabiun before translation. (7 x 1 = 7 marks) (c) Modes of Wahyi. (i)Through the agency of an angel (Q 42:51). (ii) Speaking from behind a veil (of light) e.g. Prophet Musa at Mt Sinai. (iii) Speaking directly to Allah as exemplified by Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h) during Isra wal Miraj. (iv) Through true dreams e.g. Prophet Ibrahim (Q 37: 102). (v) Through inspiration (Ilham) or intuition in the fonn of a clear idea cast in the heart of the recipient. (Q 42:51-52)(Q 28:7). (vi) Revelation in the form of ringing bells. eg. The Prohet (p.b.u.h) said ‘there are times when I hear something like the chiming of bells and this mode of Wahyi is the hardest on me. After that when the chime sequence ends, that which has been said by the sound seems to have been committed to my memory. (vii)And there are times when the angel appears before me in the shape of a man (Sahih al Bukhari). (viii)Instinctual guidance to animals e.g. bees (Q 16:68-69). (5 x 1 =5 marks) 3. Ways through which hadith evolved. (i) Hadith evolved in situations where a question or problem was referred to the Prophet (p .b .u .h) and there was no guidance from

KCSE Past Papers 2017 IRE Paper 1 1. a) Ways in which Muslims ensure that the Quran remains in its original form   The Quran is recited in prayers in its original form It is applied in Sharia, hence its teachings are adhered to It has been memorized in its original form Translation is done with the Arabic version beside it When quoting the Quran, it must be done in its original form, paraphrasing is not allowed It has been recorded in electronic media Rules and regulations regarding the handling, reading and recitation of the Quran have been put in place e.g. it must be recited with proper articulation and pronunciation Quran is taught in schools; madrassa and Duksi Quran recitation competitions are held all over the world The whole Quranic text is recited during the month of Ramadhan by Muslims all over the world It is a practice by all Muslims that at the beginning of every Islamic function, the Quran is recited. Almost each and every Muslim keeps a hard copy of the Quran in its original form Hard copies of the Quran are usually distributed freely.b) Divisions of the Holy Quran   Juzu (parts). The Quran is divided into 30 parts or juzu. This is convenient for Muslims who want to recite the whole Quran within one month especially during the month of Ramadhan e.g. the first juzu consists of surah Al- Fatiha and part of surah Baqarah, the first juzu starts with surah Al- Fatiha Surah (chapter). The Quran is divided into 114 chapters, the first chapter is surah Al- Fatiha and the last chapter is surah An- Nas, the longest chapter is surah Al- Baqarah with 286 verses. Ayat (verse). Each surah or chapter in the Quran contains several ayat or verses e.g. surah Al- Fatiha has seven verses. Manzil (phases), the Quran is divided into 7 phases for convenience of recitation e.g. if a Muslim wishes to recite the entire Quran within one week, may do so by reciting one manzil a day. Ruku (paragraph/sections) these are like paragraphs or sections containing 7 to 12 ayats e.g. surah Al- Fatiha has 7 ayats grouped in one Ruku.c). Qualities of human beings who are not at a loss according to Surah Al- Asr   They have real faith/faithful Performers of righteous deeds/righteous Advice others to speak the truth/honest Abstain from sins and doing evil Practice sabr/patience2. a) Characteristics of Madinan Surahs   These are Surahs revealed in Madina after Hijra They are long and detailed e.g. surah Baqarah, Al- Imran, An-Nisa They talk about legislation on social and economic relations inheritance, marriage and international relations e.g. surah Baqarah They address believers as “o you who believe” They are in prose form e.g. surah Al-lmran They emphasize on implementation of faith by the believers. (tawhid) They mention the munafiqun (hypocrites) They deal with specific issues and problems of the first Muslim community They contain all devotional acts, swalat, zakat, saum and Hajj They contain stories of past prophets They describe rewards for righteous people and punishment for evil doersb) 8enefits of memorizing tire Quran to Muslims   Ensures safety of Quran, there will be no additions or subtraction of anything from the Quran. The Quran cannot be fabricated. Muslims fulfil the Sunnah of the Prophet (P.b.u.h) who encouraged its memorization. Memorization of Quran is rewarded by Allah. Memorizers are held in high esteem by the Ummah. Memorization improves literally skills. It improves knowledge and command of Arabic language. It helps in remembering and understanding the content of the Quran. It ensures accuracy of the message of the Quran Memorisers aré highly sought after and valued by Islamic learning institutions.c) Supplication (dua) as stated in the last verse of Surah Baqarah(Q2:2bb)   Our Lord! punish us not if we forget or fall into error Our Lord! lay not on us a burden like that which you did lay on those before us. Our Lord! put not on us a burden greater than we have strength to bear. Pardon us and grant us forgiveness Have mercy on us Give us victory over the disbelieving people.3. a) Ways through which Prophet Muhammad (P.ti.u.h) conveyed his Sunnah to Muslims.   Answering questions directed to him Solving problems Practical demonstration/his actions e.g. performance of wudhu, prayers People coming from outlying areas were accommodated and educated on hadith and Sunnah Trained his wives and companions to answer questions on his behalf. Through public addresses/giving discourses and sermons Sent his companions to outlying areas to go and teach. Encouraged those he taught to teach others. “Convey my message even if it be one single ayah” Through actions of his companions which he approved After teaching his companions, he would listen to what they had learnt from himb) Characteristics of weak/dhail hadith   Doesn’t quote what was said or done by the Prophet (P.b.u.h) Cannot be traceable to the Prophet (P.b.u.h) Has broken chain of transmitters Information about the Prophet and his swahabas may not be accurate May be illogical and not appealing to reason The hadith is narrated by a person who is a munafiq/not pious Contradicts other hadith on the same subject Contradicts the teachings of the Quran The trustworthiness of the narrator may be in doubt. Hadith may contain detailed prophesies of future events with dates. May favour particular groups.c) Reasons why Muslims should care for animals   It is a divine responsibility/duty for Muslims to care for animals. It’s emphasized in the Quran and Hadith. There are rewards promised to those who care for and show kindness to animals The Quran explains that nature and environment are signs of the existence of Allah. Animals provide sustenance to human beings. Animals also worship Allah declaring His praise and bowing to Him Animals just like other creatures have a right to live and be cared for. The Prophet (P.b.u.h) forbade the killing of bees and any captured livestock in war and based on this, Muslim scholars have ruled that God’s creatures

KCSE Past Papers 2018 IRE Paper 2 2018 Islamic Religious Education – Paper 2 1.(a) Disucss the rationale behind the prohibition of gambling in Islam.(8 marks) (i) It can lead to fights, quarrels and even death in the society. (ii) It encourages laziness because of the easy galns. One gets money without working for it. (iii) It’s a wastage of time and misuse of leisure. (iv) A person may accumulate debts and ends up borrowing which can lead to bankruptcy. (v) Can lead to suicide as a way of escaplng the problems arising as a result of debts. (vi) Can lead to depression, heartache, suffering from health related problems. (vii) A gambler may neglect his obligations towards Allah e.g. Zakat, Sadaqah. (viii) Unfair gains lead to easy spending and thus a gambler can never benefit himself or others. (ix) A gambler may gamble the inheritance of his children hence leave them as destitutes. (x) Can lead to family break up and divorce if the head of the family is unable to provlde for the family due to gambling. (xi) It encourages people to engage in corrupt and unlawful dealings so as to support the urge. (xii) It is an unacceptable and unfair mode of earning in the sight of Allah, hence earns His displeasure. A gambler cannot succeed in this world and in the hereafter. (b) State seven benefits that Muslims gain from practising the virtue of Qanaa (contentment).(7 marks) (i) By acknowledging that all what one possesses comes from Allah, it will eliminate all elements of selfishness or greed. (ii) They will also be rewarded by Allah by practicing Qanaa given that this is a virtue encouraged in Islam. (iii) Qanaa enhances the trust of Allah in a Muslim as he believes it’s only Allah who can provide for him/her. (iv) Qanaa makes one satisfied with what he has because he knows gains or losses come from Allah. (v) By practicing Qanaa, the Muslim umma will be safeguarded from the menace of bribing, corruption and abuse of office since no one will want to bribe for him/her to get what Allah has not planned for them. (vi) Contentment gives one mental peace and happiness. (vii) Contentment is a virtue that keeps one free from anxieties and worries, you only get what is destined for you and have to contend with that. (viii) It feels the mind of a Muslim with joy, satisfaction and cheerfulness. (ix) It extinguishes the flame of persistent desires and tames the unruly passions. (x) It promotes love and tranquility in the society as one does not covet what does not belong to him or her. (c) Give five reasons why Muslims are prohibited from consuming dead meat. (5 marks) (i) Dead meat which has not been slaughtered retains blood which is harmful to human beings. (ii) Allah has ordered humans to consume slaughtered meat and leave the carcasses for other creatures whose survival depends on them. (iii) Consuming dead meat does not acknowledge the authority of Allah over the animal since Allah’s name was non-pronounced to legitimize its consumption. (iv) The prohibition encourages the owner of the animals. It prevents the owner from being wasteful. (v) Civilized people find it distressful to eat dead animals and Islam is a religion of civilization and good etiquette. 2. (a) State seven conditions that may necessitate a wife to seek for dissolution of marriage through the Kadhi’s court. (7 marks) (i) Failure or inability by the husband to provide the wife with the basic needs to sustain the family. (ii) Inability by the husband to meet her sexual needs (impotence of the husband). (iii) If is the husband is imprisoned for a long time. (iv) If he husband is insane. (v) When the husband denounces Islam. (vi) In case the whereabouts of the husband are unknown i.e. long absence. (vii) If the husband is cruel and mistreats his wife. (viii) Absence or amputation of the male organ. (b) Suggest seven ways through which Muslims can assist in curbing domestic violence. (7 marks) (i) Educating fellow Muslims on the need to have an understanding between couples so as to lead a peaceful life. (ii) By advising Muslims who are married to seek alternative ways of resolving issues in marriages rather than resorting to violence. (iii) Advocating for respect between couples and letting them know that only Allah is perfect and urging them to exercise patience. (iv) By intervening in case of a situation where the violence has erupted and standing in as just and fair mediators. (v) Preaching the essence of a peaceful co-existence between couples during marriage as it is the case in the sermon for Nikah and stressing that in case of disagreements people could part without violence. (vi) Creating awareness amongst the youth who are just about to get married and those who are married on the adverse effects of domestic violence. (vii) Praying for the couples during marriage for Allah to bless them with a peaceful and loving union. (viii) By adopting the exemplary practice of the Prophet who used to be the best to his wives. (ix) By adopting the gradual steps of resolving disputes between couples as provided for in the Quran. (c) In which ways can hoarding aiTect the Muslim community? (6 marks) (i) It deprives the Muslims from getting the necessary commodities. (ii) It creates a lot of difficulties and suffering for those who cannot afford to buy what they need. (ii1) It may create hatred amongst the members of the community as bitterness will prevail. (iv) It leads to discrimination and a feeling of injustice in the society especially the less fortunate. (v) It may lead to health related problems in the community because commodities could go stale or explre and hence create a health hazard situation. (vi) It promotes a sense of injustice and unfairness as the hoarder amasses greater profits at the expense of other members of society. 3. (a) Identify six responsibilities of a Muslim wife.

KCSE Past Papers 2018 IRE Paper 1 2018 Islamic Religious Education – Paper 1 1. (a) Differentiate between the Quran and Hadith. (8 marks) (i) Quran is the word of Allah revealed to the Prophet in its precise wording and meaning while Hadith are the sayings of the Prophet (P.b.u.h.) through inspiration from Allah. (ii) Quran is the first source of Islamic Shariah while Hadith is the second source of Islamic Shariah. (iii) Recitation of Quran is an integral part of prayer while Hadith is not recited in Swalah. (iv) Quran is authentic and inimitable while hadith has been classified according to their degree of authenticity i.e. Sahih, dhaif, Hassan, Maudhu (fabricated). (v) Recitation of Quran earns a Muslim reward while acquisition of knowledge of Hadith and not recitation is rewardable. (vi) Twahara is a primary condition for reciting the Quran while it is not a requisite in reading Hadith. (b) Describe six reasons which led to the standardisation of the Quran.(6 marks) (i) Expansion of Muslim territories beyond Arabia brought in non-Arabic speaking Muslims, a standardized Quran was therefore necessary to make it easy for them to read, memorize and recite the Quran. (ii) The Quran w’as revealed in seven dialects and therefore the necessity for its standardization. (iii) The Quran was standardized to correct the mistakes made by new Muslims in their recitation. (iv) To stop the Arabs from the provinces from boasting that their dialects were superior to others. (v) Muslims taught, read and recited the Quran in different ways, this created the need to standardize the Quran so as to read, recite and teach in the same way for all Muslims. (vi) Different copies of the Quran, some incomplete were circulating, so it became necessary to have a standardized Quran. (vii) To minimize quarrels, differences and misunderstanding over the Quran. (viii) To protect the Quran (c) Outline six characteristics of the language of the Holy Quran.(6 marks) (i) The language of the Quran combines both poetic and prose form e.g. Surah Nas, Lahab are in poetic form and Surah Baqarah, Nisa are in prose form. (ii) It’s rhythmatic and harmonious e.g. Surah Nas, Lahab, Ikhlas. (iii) The verses are in pure classical Arabic and in the dialect of the Quraish of Makka. (iv) It is precise and to the point doesn’t contain extra words that do not add value. (v) It is easy to comprehend. (vi) There is repetition of words and sentences in various Surahs for affirmation and emphasis e.g. Surah Al-Qariyah. (vii) It contains vocabularies that are difficult to understand and interpret which Allah uses to challenge Muslims e.g. Alif-lam-mim. (viii) The verses that express the fear of Allah are fiery and those that express the mercy of Allah are in soft language. 2. (a) Discuss eight teachings on Muslim brotherhood as derived from Surah Hujurat. (8 marks) (i) Muslims should verify rumours brought to them by evil minded people so as to ax oid hurtlng their brothers in Islam — verse 2. (ii) Muslims should Institute reconciliation measures that will help bring peace among quarrelling parties — verse 9. (iii) Muslims should consider one another as brothers — verse 10. (iv) Muslims should avoid despising fellow Muslims so as to enhance good relations amongst themselves — verse 13. (v) A Muslim should refrain from ridiculing fellow believers — verse 11. (vi) Muslims should refrain from insulting fellow Muslims — verse 11. (vii) Muslims should desist from calling others with offensive nicknames — verse 11. (viii) A believer should avoid susplcion as this would amount to sin lf not proven and may also cause hatred amongst Muslims — verse 12. (ix) Muslims should refrain from backbiting and spying on one another as these acts destroy the bond of Islamic brotherhood — verse 12. (x) Muslims should not use race and tribe as a basis of discriminating others but should consider merit and the fear of Allah as the basis of good relations — verse 13. (b) Give seven reasons why Prophet Muhammad (P.b.u.h.) was given the Quran in piecemeal. (7 marks) (i) To implement the laws of Allah in a gradual manner. (ii) To make understanding and application of the Quran easier to the believers. (iii) To allow room for spiritual development. (iv) To strengthen the belief and heart of the Prophet (P.b.u.h.) Q25:32. (v) The revelation was difficult experience to the Prophet (P.b.u.h.) as seen in the revelation of the first verse, thus it was revealed in bits so as to ease the difficulties he was golng through. (vi) To make memorization easier for the believer. (vii) To answer questions put forward to the Prophet (P.b.u.h.) (viii) To serve as a miracle and a challenge to the pagans of Makka. (ix) To prove that the Quran is actually a speech of Allah. (c) Suggest five ways through which Muslims can handle the Quran with respect. (5 marks) (i) A Muslim should keep the Quran in a clean place. (ii) When reciting or touching the Quran, one must ritually clean. (iii) Nothing should be placed on top of the Quran. (iv) Dispose old and tattered Quran by burning, do not throw it away. (v) Start reciting the Quran with “audhu-bi-1lahi” followed by “Bismillah”. (vi) The Quran needs to be read, it should not be left on shelves to gather dust. (vii) When reading/reciting the Quran and the adhan is said, stop reading/reciting until the adhan is completed. (viii) Reciting the Quran in a pleasant voice, slowly wlth the right tajwid. (viii) To serve as a miracle and a challenge to the pagans of Makka. (ix) To prove that the Quran is actually a speech of Allah. 3.(a) Describe four ways through which Imam Bukhari ensured authenticity of his collection of Hadith. (8 marks) (i) He was very careful in his collection of Hadith and only included in his collection authentic traditions whatever he was not sure of even through authentic he left out. (ii) He collected over 600,000 hadith but only chose 7,275

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION RESOURCES NOTES PRINT MEDIA NOTES NON- PRINT MEDIA NOTES INSTITUTIONAL RESOURCES NOTES HUMAN RESOURCES NOTES THE INTERMEDIARY ROLE OF INFORMATION PERSONNEL NOTES COMPILING DIRECTORIES NOTES

KCSE Past Papers 2019 IRE Paper 2 2019 Islamic Religious Education – Paper 1 1. (a) Discuss the rationale behind the prohibition of slander in Islam. (6 marks) (i) Slander creates suspicion, dishonesty, in the society. People stop trusting one another, thus it destroys friendship, relationships. (ii) It hurts the people on whom the slander is directed to leading to hostilities between people of the same religion, community, house e.t.c. (iii) It encourages dishonesty and creates hatred and enmity in the society. (iv) It leads to defamation of noble character e.g. lady Aisha. (v) It causes disunity, conflicts among members of the same community. (vi) It is against the teachings of Islam and Allah hates those who engaged in this vice hence will lead to hell fire. (vii) Spoils people’s reputation and can lead to loss of trust, jobs, livelihood/ lowers dignity. (Viii) Can lead to marriage breakup due to suspicion and false rumours. (b) Elaborate the ways in which HIV/AIDS has affected the Muslim society today. (8 marks) (i) It has impoverished families especially if the infected person is the bread winner. (ii) Children have been forced to drop out of schools due to lack of support from their parents who cannot afford to educate them. (iii ) Treatment for the disease is very expensive and many patients. are unable to afford it. These depend on their families who may exhaust all finances for the their treatment. (iv) It has led to psychological problems on the infected due to stigmatization and the affected due to stress of caring for the sick. (v) It leads to divorce and separation in some cases. (vi) It may lead to suffering of the children whose parents have separated and left them in a state of confusion. (vii) It has led to deaths of many Muslims. (viii) Children suffer psychologically when they are left as orphans after the death of their parents due to the disease. (ix)Those infected are stigmatized and sometimes neglected by relatives, this causes suffering and can lead to an early death. Affects the economy of a country because those affected are not able to work. (c) Mention six Islamic manners of walking.(6 marks) (i) One should walk in a moderate pace. (Q. 31:19) (ii) A Muslim should walk with humility and not with pride (Q. 17:37) (iii) A Muslim should remove harmful obstacles on the way e.g. thorns, nails, e.t.c. (iv) Women should not strike their feet as they walk to attract attention. (v) Women should always walk behind men so as to guard their modesty. (vi) Muslims should lower their gaze while walking and should not stare directly at undesirable elements e.g. naked people. (vii) Muslins should walk by the side of the path so that they don’t cause confusion for other path users. (viii) Those walking should greet those who are seated. (ix) Stop walking as a show of respect to the adhan or a funeral procession. (x) Walk on the right side of the road/path (xi) Give way/ assist the disabled on the way 2. (a) State seven benefits of writing a will before a Muslim dies.(7 marks) (i) Writing a will attract rewards from Allah. (ii) It reduces conflicts among the heirs after the death of a person since each heir will know their share (iii) Declaration and writing of Wasiyya prevents injustice to those who were supposed to benefit from part of the estate of the deceased. (iv) It clearly indicates who should be the administrator of the estate and his mandate. (v) Family members are able to refer to the will and know the debtors so as to pay them before sharing the tarka (estate). (vi) It facilitates the rightful distribution of the wealth of the deceased. (vii) A Muslim is able to benefit non-heirs by willing his property to them, hence assisting them. (viii) Writing of a will enables Muslims assist other members of society e.g. through contributing to build schools, boreholes, hospitals e.t.c. (ix) It designates what fraction of the estate should be set aside for the beneficiaries before distributing to the heirs. (x) It can be used as a guideline for inheritance in a non Muslim country. (b) Explain six teachings in Islam that a married couple can adopt in order to avoid talaq.(6 marks) (i) Both the wife and husband should be ready to accept the short comings of one another. (ii) Amicable solutions should be sought before the final decision of resorting to talaq. (iii) In-case the wife is getting out of control, the husband is expected to persuade her and cool her down so as to avoid talaq. (iv)Wisdom and proper language should be used by both parties and the consequences of the divorce and loss of tranquility at home brought forth so as to avoid the painful outcome. (v)After the first talaq, the woman has to stay in the husbands house hoping for calmness, understanding and eventual reconciliation. (vi) A couple should solve their misunderstanding through peaceful means, not through quarrelling or fighting. (vii)If unable to solve issues, they should involve a third party to mediate. (viii) In cases of misunderstandings, a couple should exercise the virtues of patience and forgiveness in order to avoid talaq. (ix)A Muslim couple should base their relationship on fear of Allah, trust and understanding to avoid suspicion and quarrels. (c) Identify seven unlawful acts in business transactions.(7 marks) (i) Trading in unlawful and haram goods such as alcohol. (ii) Reducing the weight when weighing items such as sugar. (iii) Practising unfair monopoly. (iv) Hoarding on goods. (v) Overpricing of commodities. ( charging too much) Starting a business with money from illegal earning. (vi) Lack of mutual trust between the buyer and the seller. (viii) Lying to the buyers on the suitability of commodities in order to attract them to buy from you. (ix) Forcing a buyer to buy an item. (Lack of mutual consent). (X) Charging interest. (xi) Engaging in bribery. 3. (a) State seven rules to be observed by

9.1      Computer Networks A computer network is an interconnection of two or more computers to form a network in order to share information  and resources. Local Area Network (LAN) & Wide Area Network (WAN) Interconnection of  computers which are  within the  same  building  or  nearby locations forms a network of computers and this network is called a Local Area Network (LAN). A LAN permits sharing of data files, computing resources and peripherals. Interconnection of computers located in far away locations using telecommunication system is known as Wide Area Network (WAN). Advantages of Networks It allows the sharing of information held on disk drives to be accessed by all permitted users. It allows the sharing of resources such as printers, scanners and disk storage. Application programs can be stored on one computer and make them available to all users rather than having copies individually installed on each computer. Allows electronic messages to be sent between the users. It  allows  the  connection  of  different  types  of  computer  which  can communicate with each other.   9.2      Introduction to the Internet The Internet is a world wide computer network, which interconnects computer networks across countries. It started with an initial 4 computers in 1969 and grew over the next ten years to connect 200 computers in military and research establishments in the US. Today there are more than 4 million host computers, any of which could be holding the information you are looking for, and as many as 50 million people connected. The World Wide Web This is a special part of the internet that allows people to view information stored on participating computers. It is an easy-to-use, graphical source of information which has opened the internet to millions of people interested in finding out information. Requirements for connecting to the internet Internet service provider – an internet service provider provides you with a connection to the internet and the software you will need to navigate. telecommunication line – a telephone line is required to connect you to the internet service provider. Modem – a modem converts a digital signal received from a computer into an analogue signal that can be sent along ordinary telephone lines, and back to digital at the other end. Web browser – a web browser is software used to view and download Web pages and various types of files such as text, graphics and video. Examples are Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator. 9.3      Common Internet services E–mail Electronic mail can be sent to another internet user anywhere in the world within seconds. E-mail facilitates; sending of messages, file attachments, address book, sending E-mail to a group, forwarding messages and many others. Internet Relay Chat This is a live chat facility that where the text you type is instantly broadcast to everyone on the same channel. Some channels are dedicated to particular topics, for example politics, science, games etc. Videoconferencing In this facility you can see the person at the other end of the line and you can be able to talk to them using a microphone. Advantages of the internet It offers different ways of communicating and innovations are going on to make it faster, more reliable. The  Internet  is  a  virtual  treasure  trove  of  information.  Any  kind  of information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. It is a source of entertainment where users can play computer games, visiting chat rooms or just surfing the Web. Many services are now provided on the internet such as online banking, job seeking, purchasing tickets for your favorite movies etc. Business (E-commerce) can be transacted over the internet.   Disadvantages of the internet Personal information such as name, address, credit card number etc. can be stolen by other culprits and misused. Unwanted e-mails in bulk (Spam), which provide no purpose and needlessly obstruct the entire system, can be sent on the internet. Computers attached to internet are more prone to virus attacks and they can end up into crashing your whole hard disk. Pornographic sites on the Internet that can be easily found by children which can corrupt their morals. Anyone can  publish incorrect information online  because  there’s no quality control Effects of computerization The  introduction  of  computers  has  lead  into  unemployment,  in  some companies thousands of workers have been made redundant. Computer  technology  has  created  new  opportunities  for  crime  such  as hacking, theft of data and the introduction of viruses. Computers have caused stress at places of work as humans try to keep up with the output of their computers. People who work with computers a lot without interacting with other people are likely to develop psychological problems due to isolation. Computers have affected relationships of people working together such as employee-supervisor  relationships  and  thus  becoming  a  dehumanizing factor. Computerisation has caused job content reduction and role ambiguity. Cause   of   power   redistribution   in   organizations   due   to   change   in organizational structure. Computers have been blocking factor for career paths. AREAS WHERE COMPUTERS ARE USED. The following are some of the areas where computers are used: Supermarkets and other retail stores use computers for stock control, i.e., to help them manage their daily activities. The stock control system keeps record of what is in store, what has been sold, and what is out of stock.  The Management is automatically alerted when a particular item or items are running out of stock and need to be reordered. For calculating customer’s change. For production of receipts. It can be used as a barcode reader. The use of computers has made Industries more productive & efficient.  They are used: To monitor and control industrial processes. The industries use remote controlled devices called Robots.  A Robot is a machine that works like a human being, but performs tasks that are unpleasant, dangerous, and tedious to be done by human beings. For management control, i.e. to keep track of orders, bills and transactions. By companies as a competitive tool. g., they are used to assist in defining new products & services. 

KCSE Past Papers 2019 IRE Paper 1 2019 Islamic Religious Education – Paper 1 1. a) Differences between Makkan and Madinan Surahs (i) Makkan Surahs are generally short while madinan surahs are long. (ii) Makkan Surahs mostly deal with themes such as tawhid, condemnation of shirk, Day of Judgement while Madinan surahs deal with legislation on social relations, inheritance, marriage and international relations. (iii) Makkan Surahs mostly address humanity as “Oh you mankind” while Madinan Surahs address the believers as “Oh you who believe”. (iv) Makkan Surahs mostly use poetic and rhythmic style while Madinan Surahs mostly use prose style. (v) Makkan Surahs are many, while Madinan Surahs are few. (vi) The emphasis in Makkan Surahs is on building the Iman of the people while emphasis in Madinan Surahs is on implementation of faith by the believers. (vii) Believers and their qualities are mentioned in Makkan Surahs while the munafiqun (hypocrites) are mentioned in Madinan Surahs. (viii) Makkan Surahs were revealed before Hijrah of the Prophet (P.b.u.h.) to Madina while Madinan Surahs were revealed after Hijrah. b) Benefits of translating the Quran into other languages. (i) People can read/study it and write commentaries on the Quran. (ii) Non Muslims can develop interest in it and can even convert to Islam after understanding its meaning. (iii) It has made it easy for people to study and compare Islam with other religions. (iv) It earns one abundant rewards in translating it. (v) It helps Muslims who do not understand Arabic to read and understand it hence becoming better practicing Muslims. (vi) It creates employment for translators, publishers and printers. (vii) It eases the work of teaching for those who do not understand Arabic language. (viii) Researchers can access it and support their work by referring to it. (ix) It helps people understand the Quran in their own languages. (x) It acts as a source of knowledge for researchers, students, teachers and preachers. (xi) It enriches other languages. (xii) It preserves the message/teachings of the Quran . (c) six characteristics of the language of the Holy Quran. Surah Where it wa.s revealed i. Al-Fatiha (Q: l) Makka ii. An-Nasr (Q:110) Madina iii. An-Nur (Q:24) Madina iv. Al-Hujurat (Q:49) Madina v. Al-Fii1 (Q:105) Makka vi. Al-Asr (Q:103) Makka 2. (a) Circumstances which led to the revelation of Surah Hujurat (i) After the conquest of Makka, many Arabs tribes (Bedouins) sent emissaries to the Prophet (P.b.u.h.) to make allegiance and accept Islam. (ii) These desert tribes (Bedouins) appeared unpolished in their manner of dress and speech. (iii)They spoke loudly and in a manner which was disrespectful to the Prophet (P.b.u.h.). (iv)Their approach to the Prophet (P.b.u.h.) displeased Allah (s.w.t.). Surah Hujurat was revealed to reprimand them and to lay down a general code of behavior for Muslims and for all people. 2. (b) Ways in which Angel Jibril assisted Prophet Muhammad (P.b.u.h) in his mission. (i) Angel Jibril brought the Quran from Lauhil Mahfudh to the Prophet (P.b.u.h.), (ii) He taught the Prophet how to recite the Quran. (iii) Advised him on the arrangement of the Surah. (iv) Comforted the Prophet during hardships. (v) Protected him from his enemies. (vi) Guided him on how to perform prayers. (vii) Brought the wahyi in portions as commanded by Allah so as to make it easy for the Prophet to understand. (viii) During the last days, he came to revisit/ reread the Quran with the Prophet during the month of Ramadhan. (ix) Assisted the Prophet in the memorization of the Quran. (x) He accompanied him during Isra wal Miiraj. (xi) He assisted the Prophet during battles 2. (c) Features of Surahs revealed in Makka (i) The Surahs revealed in Makka invite people by addressing them “O people” as majority of them had not embraced Islam. (ii) They are mostly short and concise, this made it easy to understand the message of Islam. (iii) Centered on the fundamental doctrines of tawheed, day of judgement, reward and punishment. (iv) In the Surah’s Allah uses harsh and strong language, to convey the message to the stubborn Quraish. (v) They denounce idol worship. (vi) Makkan Surahs are full of warnings. (vii) They discuss stories of previous prophets and their communities. (viii) In their chapters, Muslims are urged to be patient in the face of opposition against their faith. (ix) Promises rewards to those who accept the call to Islam. (x) Rhythmic phrases is a common feature in Makkan Surahs, this technique has a lasting impact on the targeted audience some of whom converted from hearing it e.g. Umar conversion after listening to Surah twaha. 3. (a) Ways through which hadith evolved (i) Hadith evolved in situations where a question or problem was referred to the Prophet (P.b.u.h.) and there was no express guidance from the Quran. In such a case the Prophet would give an answer or a solution to the problem or even directives to certain matters and hence they became hadith. (ii) Hadith evolved as an interpretation of the Quran. Some aspects of Quranic messages were concise and brief and the Prophet (P.b.u.h.) had to elaborate further on such matters e.g. performance of prayer, zakat. (iii) Hadith also evolved as a demand of circumstances. There were situations where Muslims did not know what to do and the Prophet provided the required guidance e.g. the decision to fight the enemies outside Madina in the battle of Badr. (iv) Through the Prophet’s own initiative. Allah gave the Prophet (P.b.u.h.) authority to legislate on some matters of faith. Such laws given by the Prophet became the second primary source of law and were recorded as hadith. (Q. 53:3, 3:32, 59:7) (v) In form of inspiration as was the case of hadith Qudsi 3. (b) Differences between Hadith Qudsi and Hadith Nabawi (i) The content of Hadith Qudsi is restricted to specific topics such as tawhid, Day of Judgement while the content of Hadith Nabawi is diverse covering all aspects of life. (ii) The chain of transmission in Hadith Qudsi ends with Allah while

MS POWERPOINT INTRODUCTION What is PowerPoint? This is a complete presentation graphics package.  It gives you everything you need to produce a professionally looking presentation. It enables you to express your ideas in graphics, text and objects all in one. What is presentation? It is a collection  of slides,  handouts, speaker‟s note, and  outline all in one file.  As create a slide you are creating a presentation, giving it a format that will carry through from beginning to the end. What is a slide? Slides are individual pages of your presentation.  Slides have titles, text, drawn objects, shapes, clip arts, and visuals created with other application. Starting PowerPoint From the start menu select programs and the move to PowerPoint and click. By  default  it  creates  a  new  presentation  1  for  you  with  a  window  shown below. 8.1  Starting a presentation Type the title and anything else on the layout on the first slide On the “Home tab”, click “New Slide” and select a new layout for the next slide. Repeat steps 2 for each new slide. N.B: You can put as many slides as desired. 8.2      ADDING AND FORMATTING TEXT Add text. Normally the easiest way to add text to a slide is to type directly into any placeholder that accommodates text.   However when you want to add text outside a placeholder you use “Text Box tool on the format tab. Changing the font and color of the text Highlight the text to be formatted From the home tab click font Choose the desired font size color e.t.c Add, change or remove a bullet After you create a bulleted text, you can change the look of the bullets: their size, shape, color, e.t.c To change a bullet, you need to highlight the test associated with the bullets. You cannot highlight a bullet. Highlight the text In the home tab, select bullets Choose from the variety of bullets and click Specify things like color and the size. FORMATTING YOUR SLIDE Colors and designs are added to slides in a presentation for enhancement. They also help in capturing the attention of the audience.  You can either add a background color, apply design or both. Applying background Choose the slide you want to apply background (if you have several) by scrolling. In the design tab, chose the background you desire. Applying design Choose the slide you want to design. In the design tab chose, the desired design.   8.3      WORKING WITH DIFERENT VIEWS A slide can be looked at in different angles. These views help a lot while working on your presentations. To access the views, click the view tab. The most common views are: Slide: Views individual slide. Outline: Views all slides (outlined). NB.Graphics & Text effects cannot be viewed in outline. Slide sorter: Miniatures all slides in your presentation. You can animate, transit, sort etc in this view. Slide show: Complete presentation is run in this view. Deleting a slide Select the slide you want to delete On the home tab, click Delete   8.4        WORKING WITH OBJECTS Objects in PowerPoint could be any of the following Clip Arts Tables and graphs from other applications e.g. Excel Paint brush pictures Media clips and many more PowerPoint comes with its own set of pictures in the clip art gallery.  The clip art gallery includes a wide variety of clip arts that makes it easy for you to dress up your presentation with professionally designed images.  You will find everything from maps to people and from buildings to scenic backgrounds. Inserting pictures in your presentation From the insert tab point to clip art You can choose from the From the source you have chosen, chose the picture and click insert. Inserting Shapes From the insert tab click shapes Move to desired category Choose the shape and click After the mouse pointer changes shape, click and drag at the insertion position. Working with organization chart Insert a slide and select the smart art option as shown below Use the chart‟s tools and  menus to sign your  chart   8.6      ANIMATION You can animate text, graphics sounds, movies, and other objects on your slides so as to focus on important points, control the flow of information, and add interest to your presentation.   You can have each main bullet point appear independently of others, or you can have objects appear progressively, one after another. You can set up the way you want each bullet point or object to appear on your slide e.g. to fly in from the left and whether you want other bullets or objects to dim or change color when you add a new element.  You also change the order of timing of your animation. Animating objects & text on the slide. In the animations, display the slide that has the text or objects you want to animate. On the ribbon, click “custom animation”, and then click timing tab. Under “slide objects without animation‟, select the text or object you want to animate and then click animate. Choose „on mouse click‟  to activate the  animation after  a mouse click or „automatically‟, and  then  enter  the  umber of seconds you  want  to elapse between the previous animation and the current one. Click the effect tab. If you are animating a chart in Microsoft Graph, click the Chart Efforts tab. Under „entry animation and sound‟, select the options you want. Click the timing tab and repeat steps 3 through 6 for every object you want to animate.  You can click the  preview  button to see  how  your animation works. Changing the order of the animation on a slide In the slide view, display the slide you want to change the order in. On the slide show menu, click Custom Animation. Under „animation order‟, select  the  object  you  want  to  change, and  the click one of the arrows to move the objects up or down on the list. Repeat the process for each objects whose order you want to change. Add an effect on an

KCSE Past Papers 2020 IRE Paper 1 2020 Islamic Religious Education – Paper 1 1.a. Discuss the significance of the Islamic dress code: (8 marks)   Promotes modesty and seeks to minimize vice and immorality in society. a Muslim woman must at least cover her hair and body in loose and unrevealing clothing, obscuring the details of her body from the public to minimize sexual enticement and degradation in society as much as possible for both men and women. As a form of obedience to God. Islam forbids any sex appeal and physical allurement outside of marriage. A woman who covers her head commands respect, and through her modesty rejects sexual servitude.b. Identify three types of food prohibited in the Quran and for each, give a reason for itsprohibition(6 marks)   Meat of an animal which is slaughtered in the name other than God.Life is the previous gift of God for both human beings and animals. If the existence of an animal is to be terminated for the survival of human beings, then it should be mandatory to sacrifice their life in the name of Allah. Already dead animals other than fish. Scientifically meat of the dead animal is not good for health because there is a huge difference between killing and slaughtering. Blood. Because it is the medium of transportation inside body that is why carry toxic materials, carbon dioxide, poisons, uric acid, keratin, and also a huge amount of haemoglobin, it is not easily digestible in stomach. Meat of a pig. It is the only animal which is designed by God as scavenger, used to eat filth and contain different microorganisms like helminths, roundworm, pinworm, tapeworm, hookworm.c. State six ways in which Muslims can prevent zinaa in the society. (6 marks)   Islamic teaching emphases that Muslim who attain the age of puberty should marry to avoid Zinaa. Prohibition of free mixing of sexes; men and women are not allowed to mix freely. e.g. in the mosques men and women pray in separate areas. Prohibition of acts that may lead Muslims to commit fornication adultery e.g. consumption of alcohol, engaging in dancing etc. Muslim men are allowed to marry a maximum of four wives, incase a man fell in love with another woman he should marry her instead of committing zinaa. Harsh punishment has been prescribed in the Quran on fornicators and adulterers (Q 24 2-3). Muslim women should dress decently i.e. they should cover their bodies with the exception of the hands and face. This reduces the evil of temptation which can lead to zina. Restrictions on men from visiting other men’s homes in their absence, aman cannot visit another man’s house if it’s only the wife who is at home. Islam allows divorce incase a couple are unable to reconcile the in differences to enables both parties choose suitable/ appropriate spouse. Muslim women should be accompanied by Muhrim when going on ajourney. Islam prescribes reward for those who keep away for zinaa. Muslims are encouraged to practices piety to prevent them from engagingin immoral acts.2.a. Mention four main categories of heirs and their shares according to the law of mirath. (8 marks)   Zaawil Furoodh: These are the “obligatory heirs”. They are all the heirs who have fixed shares prescribed to them. Asabaat: These are the “residuaries”. After the zaawil furoodh get their respective shares, the left over estate (if any) will be given to them. Zaawil Arhaam: These are relatives through the female line. Although they do inherit in some cases, right now we will simply refer to them as “non-heirs”. As far as you are concerned, these relatives are automatically deprived from inheriting.b. Mention five responsibilities of children towards their parents. (5 marks)   Kindness to the Parents: One of the duties the children were commanded by Allah towards their parents is to treat them with utmost kindness. The children are not allowed to treat them unkindly. Respect to the Parents: It is expected of the children to respect their parents and at no time is the children allowed to disrespect their parents even if they are non-Muslims. Obedience to the Parents: The children are enjoined to always obey the order of their parents. The only exception is when their commandment is in violation of Allah’s commandment. In such a case, the children is not allowed to obey such commandment. However, they must be treated with kindness and respect. Making Provision for the Parents: The children is expected to take proper care of their parents; particularly when they are at old age and they could not do things for themselves. Supplicate for the Parents: One of the duties of the children to their parents is to seek for Allah’s forgiveness and mercy for them; particularly after their death. Paying their debts and religious obligations: For the poor deceased parents, it is expected of the children to pay their monetary debts and those of the religious obligations they were unable to observe (particularly by the first male child).c. Outline seven benefits of wasiyya. (7 marks)   It gives the deceased an opportunity to help the poor, the needy and other vulnerable people in the society. It eradicates favouritism among heirs. It inculcates discipline among the heirs while handling the property of the deceased. It prevents quarrels, wrangles and fights among family members. It accords the rights of business partners, workers and third parties. It encourages individual members in the society to be dutiful, responsible and exercise love and care since whoever does contrary to this may be exempted from the will. Those bequeathed get a chance to better their lives from the property left for them. A will creates a strong bond of relationship between the mu’swi (deceased) and the mu’swillahu. It can therefore be used in the appointment of a guardian for the children. It cements love and friendship among the family members. Controls against fraud or misappropriation of the estate.3.a. Explain eight ways through which Muslims can eradicate child abuse in the

These are software that allow records to be entered in the system and to  be retrieved in a specified format. Examples are Ms Access, Paradox, Dbase, FoxPro, Sybase. From the above examples, we shall look at Ms Access. 7.1      MS ACCESS MS Access is a database tool used to store, maintain and use a collection of information that is organized to serve a specific purpose. A database is a collection of related information organized to serve a specific purpose. Benefits of using database to store information Fast retrieval of information i.e. data is easier to find. Easy to maintain accurate and up to date data. Easy to analyze and make summary reports on the stored data. Easy to protect your data from unauthorized access. Information can be accessed in many ways. Database objects Tables, Queries, Forms, Reports, Macros, Modules. Tables Collection of data about a specific subject e.g. customers, employees e.t.c. In a table, data is organized in fields (columns) and records (rows) A table consists of: 1. Field names 2. Data types 3. Description Field name: – these are column headings for the table being created. Data types: – the attribute of a field that determines the type of data it can hold e.g. text, Numeric, Currency etc. Description: – This column is optional but can be used to give a detailed of the field name. Primary key: – This is a field that is used to uniquely identify each record stored in a table. Queries A query is a type of database search. It enables you to retrieve data that has met conditions you specify, indicating data from tables. The word „query‟ literally means  „to ask‟. Access queries provide a way of asking about your data. When you design a query, you identify the fields to be included and the records to be retrieved from one or more tables. You can as well update or delete multiple records at the same time, perform built in or custom calculations on your data. Forms They are used for adding new data, editing or displaying existing data. This data can be in a table or a query. Information entered directly in a form will appear in Tables automatically. Reports The desired result of any database is to provide information in the form of reports. You can print reports from tables or queries in any desired format. Reports  are  used  to summarize  and  display  data  from your  database.  It displays the most up-to-date information. Modules They are collection of codes using Access Basic programming language. If programming is necessary, you can write modules. Database definitions Field: This is any piece of information in a database e.g. Names, Age, Birth date. Record: It is a collection of several related fields. Database File: This is a collection of several records. Applications of databases Educational applications: Preparing students‟ reports, class schedules. Retail applications:  This  may  include  sales  projections  and  Quotas, Market analysis e.t.c. Legal  applications:   This   may   include   client   information   and   case schedules. Financial applications: This may include stock market forecasting and end of year financial reports. PLANNING REQUIREMENTS In  order  to  plan  an  efficient  database  you  need  to  ask  yourself  some questions, these include. What information do I need to keep track on? What is my hardware and software capability? Who will be using the database? What are the projected future database needs? Using the example of student records database, let us design, implement and use Access as a database manager. The subject/object here is a student and the suggested field names could be; Student‟s  name Student‟s registration number Student‟s  address  Parent‟s name Age Sex Course taken Subjects Hours a subject takes The lecturer Lecture‟s rate per hour Tuition fee Course duration Date of admission Amount paid All the above listed is information about one object – student. There is need however to limit the list to the subject area only. Therefore the next stage you ask question (s) like: Do I want  to store information about  lecture’s records or student’s? If I want the student’s  records, should I include fee  payments records, timetable or examination records? Let us assume we wish to store student fee payment records only. This will reduce above list to the following. Student’s  name Student’s registration number Student’s address Course taken Age Sex Date of admission Amount paid 7.2      WORKING WITH ACCESS 2000 Starting Access Click start button and move to programs. Move to Ms access and click. The resulting dialog box prompts you to create a new database using either blank database, database wizard or existing database. Click  „blank  database, option since  you  are  creating a  new  one.  To open an existing one, click the appropriate option. The „file  new   database‟   window  appears.  Enter   the   name   of  the database you want to create i.e. (Macarl student record system) and click Create. A  database  window  appears.  It is  blank  since  there  are  no  tables, queries, forms, and reports. NB: The database name (Macarl student record system) is displayed on the title bar of the database window. 7.3      WORKING WITH TABLES When you create a database in Ms Access a new table is created for the user. In order to customize the table follow the following steps. Select view under the datasheet tab. Select design view The „table window‟ appears  with field name, data type and description columns (as discussed in tables earlier) In the Field name, type the first field i.e. assuming we are creating a table on  students,  one  suggested  field  could  be  Student  name. Therefore, type Student name. Click data type column and select the data type, (in this case text)’ Click  the  description  column  and  describe  the  field  you  have  just made. However it is optional and could be skipped. Define all other  student‟s detail  fields by repeating steps 5-7. Close the table and  respond affirmatively to „save changes‟ dialog  box. Save the table as „students‟ NB: your database now has one table object. A unique field is required in every table. This is an