November 28, 2022

The need for cooperation in Africa stems from the desire of the peoples of Africa to liberate themselves of exploitation and domination of Africa by foreigners, particularly from Western Europe, which dates back to the 15th century when scientific innovation in Europe inspired exploration voyages.                       PAN AFRICANISM Define Pan Africanism. (What is Pan Africanism?) Pan Africanism is a movement that aims at uniting all peoples of African descent. It stands for the unity and advancement of all Africans and is a manifestation of African protest against universal discrimination of black people by acknowledging their right to self determination and calling for the treatment of Africans with dignity as equals in all parts of the world. Trace the origin of Pan Africanism. Pan Africanism started in the Americas in the 19th century as a result of the dispersal of black peoples over much of the Americas and the Caribbean through Trans-Atlantic slave trade. Africans were despised and ridiculed based on their skin colour as well as their hard and kinky hair and were convinced that they could find true friendship, understanding, brotherhood and a home over in Africa. Since Africa too had been colonized and humiliated by European powers at the beginning of the 20th century, black peoples in the Americas and West Indies joined those of Africa in the Pan African movement. Even after independence, many Africans saw the need to remain united amidst neocolonialism. Identify the factors that led to Pan Africanism. (Explain the factors that gave rise to Pan Africanism.) The following factors gave rise to Pan Africanism: Many Africans were brought together by their shared suffering in slavery. In the Americas, Africans shared similar experiences of racial discrimination. During the colonial period, Africans were subjected to many ills. Economic exploitation since the raw materials and other resources got from Africa only benefited the colonialists as indigenous Africans remained with nothing. Explain the suffering shared by Africans during slavery. (What suffering did Africans experience/undergo during slavery? Or: Explain the shared suffering by which Africans were brought together during slavery.) They suddenly found their status changed from that of freedom to slavery. They were forcibly removed from the comfort of their homes and families and transported to strange lands. The violence involved in the capture caused serious injuries, destruction of property and loss of life. Many times, even siblings were separated as they were shared among different slave traders. The long march from the interior to the coast of West Africa, where they were loaded into waiting ships, was traumatizing. At the coast, the weary slaves were paraded, named and branded like animals after being sold to the highest bidder, who then transported them across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas in terrible conditions. The ships were overcrowded as the merchants packed in as many slaves as possible. Many slaves died on route to the Americas. To prevent slave riots in the ships, metal chains were used to tie up the slaves. Water and sanitary facilities were scarce during most of the voyages. This made many slaves to jump into the Atlantic Ocean and face the sharks rather than proceed with the journey. On arrival in the Americas, slaves were stripped naked and paraded in the market-place like commodities for prospective buyers. The experience was most humiliating as the prospective buyers sorted out the strong ones who fetched a better price for the sellers. Those purchased were taken to the cotton, Sugarcane and tobacco plantations, homes, mines and sites for public works (to construct roads, railways and factories). Explain the ills that Africans were subjected to during colonial rule. (In what ways were Africans mistreated during colonial rule? Or: Explain the ills/mistreatment that characterized colonial rule in Africa. Or: In what ways did Africans suffer during colonial rule? Or: Explain the suffering experienced by Africans during colonial rule.) They lost land to colonial powers. They were removed from their ancestral land. The most arable land was grabbed by the few European settlers while the Africans were settled in harsh arid and semi-arid areas. They were subjected to forced labour. For instance, in Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of Congo), the colonialists chopped off the limbs of Africans who refused to collect the wild rubber. Imposition of many heavy taxes on Africans, E.G Poll tax, Hut tax and Breast tax. Poor (low) wages and poor working conditions. Discrimination, particularly through racial segregation. Corporal punishment. Rape and murder. Restrictions on movement and assembly. Explain the aims/purpose of the Pan African movement. (Explain the objectives of the Pan African movement.) To unite all peoples of African origin in the struggle for emancipation from social discrimination and colonial rule. To challenge the ideology of White Race Supremacy, on which European colonization was based. Ø To improve the conditions of Africans in the Diaspora and in the African continent. To restore the dignity of black peoples. To create a forum through which protests against European colonization and racial discrimination would be channeled. To fight Neocolonialism in Africa. Analyse/explain development of Pan Africanism. United in humiliation and grief, the Africans in the Diaspora came to view themselves more and more as having a common history. Africa assumed a new significance to them. It was their only source of hope as it gave them identity and pride. In the 19th century, there were economic developments that led to the introduction of machines, which replaced human (slave) labour, causing slaves to be freed by their masters. The British began antis Slave-trade and antislavery campaigns in 1807 and 1833. This was closely followed by the American civil war over whether or not to continue slavery. A new spirit grew among black men such as Martin Delaney, Alexander Crummell, Bishop James Johnson, Wilmot blyden, Bishop Turner, Henry Sylvester Williams, Dr W E B Du Bois, Marcus Moziah Garvey, George Padmore, Booker T. Washington, Dr Kwame Nkruma and Leopold Sedar Senghor.  These Pan Africanists began to travel widely, visiting Africa and writing on African issues,

What is International Relations? International Relations refers to the co-operation or interaction between individuals or groups of nations of the world. Into what levels could International Relations be categorised  These can be categorized into: Economic relations, which involve trade and other commercial activities among nations I.e. exchange of goods as well as giving of foreign loans and grants. Diplomatic relations, essential in settlement of disputes and promotion of commercial activities among nations. Such relations are regulated by exchange of Ambassadors or High Commissioners, who serve as Go-Betweens, encouraging international co-operation. Political relations, which involve cooperation between countries with similar political systems or ideologies. Socio-cultural relations, by which countries understand and appreciate each other’s culture by exchanging dance-trios, musicians, acrobats, athletes, sports teams, theatre groups, etc. What are the benefits of International Relations? Economic growth in the world due to expanded international trade. Financial and technical assistance to developing nations by the developed ones through exchange of skills, knowledge and technology, which have speeded up industrial development. Enhancement of peace and security due to policies geared towards peaceful settlement of disputes, reducing the threat of war. Promotion of world understanding through cultural exchange. Collective solution of global problems such as desertification, armament, environmental pollution and global warming. Identify two types of international organizations There are two types of international organizations. These are: International Governmental organizations (I G O), which are created by two or more sovereign states such as the United Nations Organization, the Commonwealth, the Nonaligned Movement and the African Union. International Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO), which are created by individual or private organizations such as The International Red Cross, Amnesty International and Transparency International. By what criterion could International Governmental organizations be categorised? International governmental organizations can be categorized according to their membership or purpose as follows: Which may be global, regional or otherwise defined. Global organizations, which have a worldwide membership e.g. the League of Nations and the United Nations Organization. Regional International governmental organizations, which are defined by geographical boundaries, e.g. the East African Community, the Economic Community of West African States, etc. International governmental organizations with a broad purpose, e.g. the United Nations Organization, whose mandate includes health, security and environment. International Governmental organizations with a limited purpose e.g. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), whose mandate is limited to security concerns of their member states. Explain the role of International organizations. Provision of member states with a forum to consult and tackle problems of concern. Acting as regulators in their fields to ensure the welfare of humankind. For instance, the World Health Organization (W H O) regulates the health sector through immunization, vaccination and other Prevention campaigns. Enhancement of peace and security through peace-keeping missions, response to disasters and provision of assistance to war victims. Charity and facilitation of equitable distribution of resources in the world. For instance, the International Monitory fund (IMF) and the World Bank advance loans to developing nations.   THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION The United Nations Organization (U N O) is an association of independent nations, established to promote and maintain international peace and security. Its membership is open to all nations, regardless of their political and ideological beliefs, differences in economic systems or levels of development, etc. Analyse the origin/formation of the United Nations Organization (U N O). (Explain the origin of the United Nations Organization). The formation of the U N O was preceded by a series of conferences as follows: On 12th June 1941 in London, the Inter-Allied declaration to work together with other freed peoples both in times of war and peace was signed. On 12th August 1941 in a meeting in the USA, US PRESIDENT: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the UK proposed a set of principles for international collaboration in maintaining peace and security. This led to the signing of the Atlantic Charter, which pledged respect for human freedom, allowed all nations the freedom to choose the forms of government they preferred and provided that no territory should change hands after war without the consent of its people. At a meeting in Washington on 1st January 1942, the declaration by United Nations was signed by the representatives of twenty-six allied nations that were fighting against the Axis powers, who proclaimed their support for the Atlantic Charter and pledged to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers. This marked the first use of the term United Nations, which was devised by President Roosevelt in reference to the twenty-six nations that assembled for that meeting. On 30th October 1943 in Moscow, the governments of the USSR, the UK and China signed a declaration in which they called for an early establishment of an international organization to maintain peace and security and to regulate the postwar period. This goal was reaffirmed on 1st December 1943 when the leaders of the USA, the UK and the USSR met in Tehran: Iran. At a conference held at Dumbarton Oaks Estate in Washington: USA from 21st September to 7th October 1944, the representatives of the USSR, UK, USA and China agreed on the aims, structure and functions of World organization. This was the first blue-print of the United Nations Organization. At a conference in Yalta: Ukraine on 11th February 1945, US president Roosevelt, UK prime minister Churchill and USSR Prime minister Joseph Stalin declared their resolve to establish a general international organization to maintain peace and security. On 25th April 1945 in San Francisco: USA, delegates from fifty nations met for the United Nations conference on international organization and drew up the United Nations Charter, which was unanimously adopted on 25th June 1945. The U N O began its official functions on 24th October 1945 after ratification of its charter by the USSR, USA, UK, China and France. That is why the United Nations’ day is celebrated every 24th of October. The UNO took over the League of Nations’ mandate I.E maintenance of peace and security and prevention of outbreak of another World war. The headquarters of

The World Wars were among the key events by which the 20th century was characterized, alongside the world’s quest for peace and co-operation as well as developments and challenges in postcolonial Africa.                       THE WORLD WAR 1 (1914-1918) This was the first total war in the modern history of mankind. Almost all countries in the world were involved in it. In what two ways were most nations involved in the First World War? This involvement took two forms: Soldiers who were actually fighting in the war front. Civilians who were entrusted with the task of providing needs for the soldiers. Explain why the First World War was the first mechanized war in world history. Much of the fighting was done with machines such as Automatic Rifles, Machine Guns, large Battle ships and submarines, Tanks and Long-range field guns. For the first time in history, man used 19th and 20th century scientific and technological development for the destruction of mankind. The Poison gas, which was developed during the war, killed many soldiers and caused permanent ill health to others. The development and use of aircraft during the war led to civilian involvement, causing civilians who were far away from the battle areas to get attacked. Explain the causes of the First World War. (Identify the factors that led to the First World War). Colonial rivalry between Major European powers, particularly Britain, France and Germany. Economic rivalry between the European powers due to competition for raw materials and market for European manufactured goods. The first and Second Moroccan Crisis, arising from rivalry between the French and the Germans over Morocco, which increased political tension. The Arms Race among European powers. The system of alliance, I.E the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. Loss of the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany, which caused France to spoil for war to revenge. The 1911 dispute between Italy and Turkey over Libya, which caused ill feelings, particularly between Italy and Germany, because Germany was also interested in Libya apart from being an ardent supporter of Turkey. Nationalism all over Europe as European nationalists contested for more power for their peoples. The 1912-1913 Balkan wars, which caused tension in Europe. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife in Sarajevo, which activated and antagonized the alliances already in place, leading to outbreak of the war. Explain the Alliance system and how it facilitated the First World War. (In what ways did the Alliance system lead to (cause) the First World War?) Bismarck (the German Chancellor) arranged a dual alliance that comprised Germany and AustriaHungary and was later joined by Italy to form the Triple Alliance in order to maintain German power in Europe after Prussia (a German state) had defeated France, which led to German unification. Such arrangement was also motivated by Bismarck’s fear that France would attack Germany in revenge. He extended the Triple Alliance by encouraging Romania to sign separate pacts with the members. To counter Germany’s power, Britain moved closer to France and Russia. The three formed the Triple Entente (Triple Understanding) of 1904. The Alliance system caused countries to act rashly, knowing that they would be supported. It also ensured that if a war broke out between two countries, the rest would join the war.  In what ways did Imperialism cause (lead to) the First World War? (Explain how Imperialism fuelled the First World War. Or: Explain how Economic rivalry between European powers fuelled the First World War. Or: Explain how colonial rivalry between major European powers facilitated the First World War.) In late 19th century, the Western European nations, Japan and the USA competed among themselves for colonies as a result of the Industrial Revolution because: Each needed raw materials for their factories. Market for industrial products was of great necessity. Others wanted to invest capital in their new lands. Although most colonial conflicts were solved in the 1884-85 Berlin Conference well before 1914, there was a lot of distrust, which no country could alleviate. Describe the Arms Race and how it led to the First World War. (Analyse the Arms Race among the European powers and its influence in the First World War. (In what ways did the Arms Race feature as a factor in (cause of) the First World War?) From 1900-1914, there was competition for military supremacy among Western European countries, Japan, the USA and Russia, which made each of them aggressive and militant, ready to fight at the slightest provocation. Between 1906-1912, the Germans embarked on construction of nine Dreadnoughts. Britain concentrated on construction of eighteen Dreadnoughts. France and Russia expanded their armies by lengthening the conscription service and calling up training reservists. Describe the first and second Morroccan crisis and how it facilitated the First World War. THE FIRST MORROCCAN CRISIS As members of the triple Entente, France and Britain were great friends. They used the Entente to solve their colonial disputes. For example, France gave Britain a free hand in Egypt and Sudan while Britain recognized the supremacy of France in Morocco. Germany decided to test the Anglo-French alliance. On 31st March 1905, Kaiser William 2 alighted at Tangier in Morocco and delivered a speech on the importance of keeping Morocco an independent state. This did not please Britain and France. The German government then suggested an international conference to decide the future of Morocco. At the conference, which was held at Algesiras in Spain, Italy did not support Germany. This strengthened the Anglo-French alliance. THE SECOND MORROCCAN CRISIS In July 1911, a German gunboat was sent to the port of Agadir in Morocco to protect German interests on the pretext that the French had recently sent troops to occupy the interior of Europe to quell disorders there, although the real problem was caused by the unpopularity of the new Moroccan Sultan, who favored the French. Germany’s aims in Morocco became clear when the German foreign Minister suggested in Berlin that France gives up the French Congo to compensate

TOPIC 1 : THE WORLD WAR – Click to view TOPIC 2 : INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS – Click to view TOPIC 3 : CO – OPERATION IN AFRICA – Click to view TOPIC 4 : NATIONAL PHILOSOSPHIES – Click to view TOPIC 5 : DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN KENYA SINCE INDEPENDENCE – Click to view TOPIC 6 : DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN AFRICA SINCE INDEPENDENCE – Click to view TOPIC 7 : LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN KENYA – Click to view TOPIC 8 : GOVERNMENT REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE – Click to view TOPIC 9 : THE ELECTORAL PROCESS AND FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD – Click to view

What is Parliamentary Democracy? It is a system of government whereby the civilians elect their leaders. Describe the system of government that was adopted in Kenya after independence. Kenya adopted a parliamentary government based on parliamentary democracy. An effective defence force was organized and put in place to maintain law and order and to protect the country from external aggression. The Legislature makes laws, which are implemented by the Executive. The Judiciary ensures that nobody violates the laws. The three arms of government operate on a system of checks and Balances, the Executive being subordinate to the Legislature.   THE ELECTORAL PROCESS IN KENYA Describe the system of election in Kenya. The system of election in Kenya is democratic, allowing people to choose the leaders they want to represent them every five years. Elections are organized and supervised by the Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK). Various methods of election are used. Today, Kenya is divided into 210 electoral constituencies. Identify three methods of election in Kenya. The Secret Ballot; Acclamation; The Queuing system, although of late the queuing system is not used. Describe two main types of election. General Elections, which are held once every five years, By-Elections, which involve election of new leaders to fill seats left vacant by death, resignation or annulment of the election of their occupants. Party elections e.g. 2003 when Musikari Kombo was elected new Chairman of FORD-Kenya following the death of Michael Kijana Wamalwa. Identify the types of elections that fall in the General Elections category. General Elections constitute: Presidential elections; Parliamentary elections Civic elections. Under what circumstances are general elections in Kenya held earlier than normal? (Under what circumstances could early general elections be held/called in Kenya? Or: What circumstances could lead to early general elections in Kenya?) Ø When the President dissolves parliament (as was in 1983). If Parliament passes a Vote of No Confidence in the government. Since 1992, Kenya has had multiparty elections, whereby several political parties compete to have their candidates chosen to fill the vacant parliamentary and civic seats. Apart from the general elections. Explain the importance of elections in Kenya. (State the reasons why elections are held in Kenya every five years. Or: Identify the factors that justify elections in Kenya.) They help ensure that leaders deliver services and respond to or address the needs of their people. They help generate new ideas by offering alternative ways of running the government through different political party manifestos. It is a constitutional requirement that they be held every five years. They enable the citizens to exercise their democratic right of choosing their leaders. The country is run by leaders who have been picked and are confided in by Kenyans. Describe/explain the laws that regulate elections in Kenya. (Identify/state the electoral regulations in Kenya) In Kenya, elections are regulated by laws passed by parliament, such as: The Constitution, by which Kenya is a sovereign republic and a multiparty democratic state. The National Assembly & Presidential Elections act, which outlines the steps to be followed in the registration of voters, nomination of candidates, polling, counting of votes and other related processes. The Local Government Act, which gives the procedures and rules for conducting elections for county, municipal and town councils. The election Offence act, which lays out election offences and the penalties for committing such offences. State the requirements for parliamentary candidates in Kenya. (What conditions must one meet in order to be a parliamentary candidate in Kenya? Or: What are the qualities of a parliamentary candidate in Kenya? Or: State the basic requirements for a nominated member of parliament in Kenya.) In Kenya, a parliamentary candidate must: Be sponsored or nominated by a registered political party. Be a registered voter in a constituency. Be a Kenyan citizen aged 21 years or older. Have been living in Kenya six months prior to the election. Be able to speak, read and write English and Kiswahili, with a certificate of proficiency from the Language board or a letter of exemption from the electoral Commission of Kenya. Nominated members of parliament must also have the basic requirements for elected members of parliament. State the circumstances that could make one to be disqualified from parliamentary candidature in Kenya. (What factors could make one lose their parliamentary candidature in Kenya? Or: Explain the reasons why a candidate could be prevented from vying for a parliamentary seat in Kenya.) If one is declared bankrupt by a court of law. If one is a public officer holding a public office as a civil servant or member of the Armed Forces unless he or she resigns. If one is sentenced to death or to a Jail term of at least six months. If one is convicted for an election offence. If one is certified to be of unsound mind. Under what circumstances could an MP lose their seat in the Kenya Parliament? (Explain the factors that could cause a member of the Kenya parliament to lose their seat. Or: Explain the factors that may lead to loss of a parliamentary seat by an elected member of the Kenya Parliament.) If the member ceases to be a Kenyan citizen. If the member receives a six-month or longer jail term or a Death penalty from a court of law. If one‟s election is nullified on one‟s conviction for an election offence. If one is elected by the other members as the Speaker of the National Assembly. If one is declared bankrupt by a court of law. If one is found to be of unsound mind. If the member resigns either as an M.P or from the party by which he or she was voted into parliament. If the member fails to attend eight consecutive sessions during the life of a particular parliament without the Speaker‟s permission. If the member defects from one party to another. Describe two levels at which candidates are selected to vie for seats during elections in Kenya. Party nominations, whereby parties select their candidates to contest

The road to Kenya‟s independence involved serious commitment and struggle by Kenyans to liberate their country from colonialism. Some were prepared even to risk their own lives for freedom. They outstandingly featured in Kenyan politics during the struggle for independence and contributed to national development after Kenya‟s independence. Kenyan nationalists i.e. Jomo Kenyatta, Tom Mboya, Oginga Odinga, Ronald Ngala and Daniel Arap Moi are remembered for the role they played in the struggle for Kenya‟s independence and development. They emerged from humble beginnings, but, due to colonial exploitation, they were involved in politics of their tribesmen. This provided a base upon which they became nationalist leaders.                 JOMO KENYATTA Discuss the early life of Jomo Kenyatta. Jomo Kenyatta was born some time between 1889-1895 of Agikuyu parents of the Magana clan at Ng‟enda ridge in Gatundu division of Thika district, Central province of Kenya. His Father was Muigai and his mother Wambui. In Kenyatta‟s childhood, his father died, leaving Kenyatta and his mother under the care of Ngengi: Kenyatta‟s uncle. As a young boy, Kenyatta went to live with his grandfather: Kung‟u Wa Magana at Muthiga near kikuyu. There, Kenyatta was influenced by Agikuyu culture and customs on one hand and Christianity and Western Education on the other. Kenyatta‟s grandfather was a medicine man, which made Kenyatta interested in Agikuyu ritual and magic. Kenyatta was exposed to Christianity and Western education when he joined Thogoto Mission in 1909, where he learnt Christianity, reading, writing, agriculture and carpentry. At Thogoto, he was registered as Kamau Wa Ngengi. There, he met other inquisitive young men such as Musa Gitau. He completed his elementary schooling in 1912. In 1915, Kenyatta was circumcised in the Gikuyu tradition. A year later, he was baptised as Johnston Kamau Wa Ngengi. After his elementary school, Kenyatta went to Nairobi. By the standard of that time, he was a very educated man. He worked in various places during the First World War. For example, in 1916, he worked in a sisal farm. When the British imposed forced recruitment of able-bodied Africans into the army, Kenyatta went to live with his Maasai relatives to escape the forced recruitment. There, Kenyatta was employed by an Asian trader as a clerk. This Asian‟s company was supplying meat to the British army. At the end of the First World War, Kenyatta returned to Nairobi and worked as a Storekeeper in a European farm. By this time, he had already bought himself a bicycle, which added to his fame and prestige. He was a fashionable urban young man, fond of wearing a bearded Maasai ornamental belt: “Kinyata”, which determined the name he later adopted: Kenyatta. In 1920, Kenyatta got married to Grace Wahu. Between 1921-1926, he worked in the Nairobi Municipal Council‟s water Department as a Stores clerk and Metre reader at a salary of 550sh per month, which enabled him to build a good house on a piece of land that he had bought at Dagoreti near Nairobi. He also paid for his brother‟s education at Thogoto Mission school.  Analyse Jomo Kenyatta’s political career. In 1924, Kenyatta joined the kikuyu Central Association, of which he became Secretary, charged with the responsibility of translating, drafting letters and dealing with correspondence. In 1928, he became editor of KCA‟s newspaper: “Muigui Thania” (Conciliator), in which he articulated the Agikuyu culture and urged people to take their children to school. He supported his people‟s stand on female circumcision and opposition to the Missionaries. The paper was printed by an Asian-owned press, which shows Kenyatta‟s ability to work with people of diverse backgrounds. In 1928, Kenyatta accompanied KCA officials to the Hilton Young commission. The following year, he was sent by KCA to Britain to present African grievances to the colonial Secretary in London. He also articulated KCA grievances on taxation, land alienation, African education and representation in the Legico. In 1931, Kenyatta went back to England, accompanied by Parmenas Mukiri to present KCA grievances before the Joint Select Committee on closer union of East African countries and managed to convince the colonial government that Africans did not support the idea of an east African federation. From 1832-1933, Kenyatta studied political Science and Economics at Moscow University, where he was invited by George Padmore: a Pan Africanist from Trinidad. In 1933, Kenyatta‟s studies were councilled due to Padmore‟s disagreement with the Russians. He returned to Britain to pursue studies in Anthropology and Economics at the University College: London. In 1936, while pursuing his studies in London, Kenyatta joined other Black nationalists in condemning Italian invasion and aggression against Ethiopia. He became the Secretary of the International friends of Abyssinia Organization (IFAO), whose aim was to denounce the Italian action. In 1938, Kenyatta published his book: Facing Mount Kenya, which talked about Agikuyu culture to compliment his earlier one on the Phonetic and Tonal structure of Gikuyu. While in England, Kenyatta travelled to other European countries such as Germany, France and Russia and got exposed to their ways of life. He also met nationalists from India and Nigeria, who inspired and transformed him into a nationalist. He expressed his views in an article titled„give Back our Land‟, which was published by a British communist paper: The Sunday Worker.  What role did Jomo Kenyatta play in Pan Africanism? (In what ways did Jomo Kenyatta contribute to Pan Africanism?) He was one of the founder-members of the International Friends of Abyssinia Organization, which condemned the 1935 Italian invasion of Ethiopia. Alongside others, he set up the International African Service Bureau in 1937 to propagate Pan Africanism. Through the rallies he addressed in London, Kenyatta attacked British colonial policies in Kenya such as the Carter land Commission and the Destocking policy among the Akamba in 1938. He also supported the formation of the Taita Hills Association. Since the British were against political agitation during the Second World War, Kenyatta‟s activities were slowed down. He settled down as a farmer in Storington: West Sussex where he met and married

What is nationalism? (Define nationalism). Nationalism is the desire for independence and self determination among a group of people. Or: It is the feeling of national pride, patriotism and belonging towards one‟s country. Briefly describe the rise/development of nationalism in Africa. In Africa, Nationalism was a gradual process that resulted from the determination of various communities to get rid of the oppressive colonial rule to which they were subjected. The Resistance movement that spread all over the African continent at the beginning of colonialism such as the Maji-Maji rebellion in Tanganyika, the Chimurenga war in southern Rhodesia, the Nandi uprising in Kenya and the Mahdist Revolt in Sudan were part of early African Nationalism. After the Second World War, there was an upsurge of fresh nationalism all over Africa, spurred by a wide range of factors.  Explain the factors that contributed to rise of nationalism in Africa. (What were the reasons for nationalism in Africa?) Subjection of Africans to cultural discrimination by the colonial order, which dismissed African customs as being Primitive and barbaric. Accompaniment of colonialism by economic exploitation of the African communities, who were thrown out of their land by European settlers. The Urban environment, within which various communities interacted and exchanged feelings on the colonial menace. Although many urban centres such as Mombasa, Lagos and Dar Es Salam existed before colonialism in Africa, they expanded after colonial invasion. Imposition of many taxes like Hut tax, poll tax and Breast tax on African communities. Racial segregation, with which colonialism went hand in hand since facilities and other amenities were provided along racial lines all over Africa. African resentment of colonialism as it interfered with their political institutions, because colonial officials appointed chiefs in place of traditional rulers such as councils of elders in the decentralized societies. The Western education provided mostly by the Christian Missionaries, exposed Africans who acquired literacy and numeracy skills to the History of Europe and the USA. Pan Africanists such as Marcus Garvey and W E B Dubois, who made the Africans, realize that they shared common problems, which provided basis for national unity. The United Nations organization, which stressed the need for political independence of all subject peoples as one way of obtaining global peace. Participation of many Africans in the First World War as carriers and combatants. The experiences acquired in the war had a profound impact on the exe soldiers. The spread of Leninist and Marxist ideas after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in the former Soviet union, which ushered in a Communist era. This soon made an impact on some of the African elite for communists attacked colonialism, which they considered to be part of imperialism, whose main aim was the economic exploitation of the weaker parts of the world. The Second World War,, during which African combatants gained a lot of international exposure as they went to and fought in Burma, Ceylon,, Israel, England, Egypt and Ethiopia. Asian nationalism, which predated African Nationalism as Asia had a longer history of European imperialism compared to Africa, which greatly motivated African nationalists. Africans reacted differently towards their respective colonizers in spite of their subjection to exploitation, humiliation and political oppression. Thus nationalism was not uniformly expressed along the African continent.                   NATIONALISM IN GHANA Name the European communities that had dominated Ghana by the 18th century. The Portuguese, The Danes, The British, The Dutch. It was the Portuguese who named Ghana the Goldcoast in reference to Ghana‟s vast gold deposits. Analyse/describe the rise/development of nationalism in Ghana. Nationalism in Ghana began in 1868 when the Fante Confederation was initiated in response to British imperialism. In 1897, the African elite and the chiefs united and formed the Aborigines Rights Protection society: the pioneer modern nationalist organization, mainly to guard against the alienation of African land by the British in the Goldcoast. In the 1930s, J.B Danquah and other Western-educated Africans who were unhappy with the colonial order launched the Goldcoast Youth Conference to awaken the youth to the economic and social needs of Ghana. They demanded political rights and an end to social and economic injustice. In response to the demands, the government embarked on revision of the constitution to increase African representation in the Legico. The new constitution provided for eighteen African representatives in the Legico, of which thirteen were to be drawn from among the chiefs while five were popularly elected. This was totally rejected by the African communities as the chiefs were regarded as mere instruments of colonial control. It was for this reason that the United Goldcoast Convention was established in 1946, led by J.B Danquah. Under Danquah, most of the African elite, some of who were lawyers, journalists, teachers, and businessmen and who spearheaded political activities in the Goldcoast, invited Kwame Nkruma in 1946 to come and organize the United Goldcoast Convention. They had realized that none of them could get enough time to fully attend to the party. Nkruma was the best choice among the African elite who would be entrusted with party affairs because he had completed his Graduate studies at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia: USA and a Law degree in England and had participated in the 1945 Pan African Congress in Manchester: England, which afforded him enough political experience in addition to his academic qualifications. Explain the factors that facilitated/boosted growth of nationalism in Ghana. (What factors led to growth/rise of nationalism in Ghana? Or: Explain the factors that influenced nationalism in Ghana in the 1940s. Meagre profits received by farmers from the sale of cocoa to European firms. Lack of employment, particularly for the large group of young people who had attained primary education. Selective granting of trading licences to the Europeans while Africans did not get any. Existence of a smaller group of Africans who had attained higher education and who could articulate the grievances of their people very well, such as Kwame Nkruma, J.B Danquah, Akuffo Addo and Ako Adjayi. Exposure of the soldiers by the

The long journey to political freedom in Kenya started in 1895 soon after Kenya was declared a British Protectorate. It was due to European colonial domination that Kenya experienced diverse problems. Even after 1920 when Kenya became a British colony, the Africans pressed for a quick return to basic human freedom and political independence. African nationalists established several political associations to express their grievances against all malpractices that came with colonial occupation. After 1940, these associations broadened their membership base and became national rather than ethnic organizations. After 1945, Africans actively took part in trade unionism, coupled with radical nationalism, whose emergence and magnitude was well manifested in the Maumau war.            EARLY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS IN KENYA UPTO 1939  Name the political organizations that were formed in Kenya by 1939. (Outline the early political organizations in Kenya by 1939). Kikuyu Association. East African Association. Young Kikuyu Association. Kikuyu Central Association. Kavirondo Tax payers & welfare Association. Ø Ukamba Members Association Ø Coast African Association. Taita Hills Association. The Young Kavirondo Association. State the common grievances of early political organizations in Kenya by 1939. Land alienation. Forced labour. The “Kipande” system. Better wages for Africans. Quality education and better working conditions for Africans. The onslaught on valued African customs like Polygamy, Female Circumcision and traditional African religious practices. Racial discrimination, especially in provision of social facilities like housing, health and education. Explain the characteristics of early political organizations in Kenya. (Explain the features of political organizations formed in Kenya before 1939.) Most were led by Mission-educated young men like Harry Thuku, Jonathan Okwiri and Jimmy Mwambichi. They got material and moral support from Asians. They were confined to one or two ethnic groups, though formation of the East African Association was an indication of the desire towards regional cooperation. They had similar grievances such as Land alienation, forced labour and taxation. They had limited membership. They were regarded by many Africans as a preserve of the educated elites. They did not demand political independence but better living conditions and an end to European economic exploitations. Explain why many African political associations emerged in the interwar period (1919 to 1939). (In what ways did the interwar period contribute to African political awareness? Or: Explain how the First World War facilitated/led to political awakening in Africa. Or: In what ways did the First World War contribute to African political awareness?) Ø African participation, especially in the first World War. Many Africans realized that they shared numerous interests and problems as they met and compared their experiences. A sense of unity was created among Africans as they met and interacted in war zones. On seeing the Europeans wounded, crying and suffering like them, Africans discovered that the White man was not very different from them. Unlike their White counterparts, African exe soldiers neither benefited in terms of land allocation nor received the compensation promised as a reward for taking part in the war. The “Kipande” system, which was introduced in 1920, was used to force Africans to provide labour to the European settlers, sometimes without pay. Very short notice was given for the change of currency from the Indian Rupee to the Shilling in 1921, which hurt Africans most. With the change of Kenya‟s status from a protectorate to a colony in 1920, the Africans began to see every move by the colonial government as an attempt to politically entrench the settlers. Discuss the formation and demands of early political organizations in Kenya by 1939. (Discuss African political activities in Kenya by 1939. Or: Analyse the political organizations that were formed in Kenya by 1939.) THE KIKUYU ASSOCIATION This was formed in 1920 under Paramount Chief Kinyanjui WA Gathirimu and Chief Koinange WA Mbiu. Its demands or grievances were: Return of Agikuyu land taken by Europeans. An end to further African land alienation. Abolition of the “Kipande” system, which had just been introduced through the Native Registration Ordinance. Increase rather than the proposed reduction of wages after the First World War when the Rupee was replaced by the Shilling. Apart from its two founders, other members of the Kikuyu Association included: Josiah Njonjo, Philip Karanja, Matthew Njoroge, Ø Waweru Wamahiu, Waruhiu Wa Kung‟u. The Kikuyu Association mainly comprised African chiefs loyal to the colonial administration but who were concerned about its above-mentioned grievances. Because of its mild approach, its impact was not felt. But soon, it attracted many Christian converts and urban residents in Nairobi such as Harry Thuku and Abdala Tairara. However, Thuku and his followers disagreed with the leaders of the Kikuyu Association because of Thuku‟s radical views against the colonial government, prompting his founding and formation of the Young Kikuyu Association, which was later renamed the East African Association. THE YOUNG KIKUYU ASSOCIATION Name the founder-members of the Young Kikuyu Association. The Young Kikuyu Association was pioneered by: Harry Thuku, Abdala Tairara, Mwalimu Hamisi, Muhamed Sharif. The Young Kikuyu Association was greatly inspired by the Young Baganda Association in Uganda and adopted a radical approach, probably because it was led by young men.  State the demands/grievances of the Young Kikuyu Association. Return of African land. Better working conditions for Africans. Ø Reduction of taxes. Withdrawal or improvement of the “Kipande” system. Ø Title deeds for land holders. Increase rather than reduction of Africans‟ wages. Better living conditions for both employed and unemployed Africans. The Young Kikuyu Association attracted members from different communities such as the Agikuyu and the Akamba, especially in Nairobi. THE EAST AFRICAN ASSOCIATION Name the members of the East African Association. From 1921, the Young Kikuyu Association enjoyed membership of the Ugandans, Malawians and Tanzanians. It was therefore renamed the East African Association in order to accommodate all communities and religions and promote unity among Africans. Among its members were: Johnston Kamau (Jomo Kenyatta), Norman Mboya, Abdala bin Asumah, Kibwana bin Kombo, Jesse Kariuki, Joseph Kang‟ethe, Harry Thuku, George Samuel Okoth, James Mwathi, K Sentogo, Maitei Ole Mootian, Muhamed Sheikh, Melange Ole sempele. The association was