September 20, 2022

    2019 Physics paper 3 Question 1 You are provided with the following:   A stirrer A stond, a boss rind a clump A themionieter An aninieter A voltmeter A beaker A source of boiling water Two dry cells in a cell holder A switch Seven connecting wires A component labelled XProceed as follows: (a) Set up the circuit as shown in figure 1. Close the switch, read and record the current I through component X and the potential difference V across it. (l mark)I =…………………….. V =………………………. Open the switch. Determine the resistance R of component X given that: R = V/I (b) Pour hot water into the beaker and set up the apparatus as in figure 2, so that component X afid the llieriiioirieter bulb are fully immersed. (c) Stir the water from time to time, when the temperature falls to 80°, switch on the circuit, read and record the current I and the potential difference V in table 1. Then open the switch.(d) Repeat (c) as the temperature falls to the oÎher values shown in table 1. Complete the table. Table 1 (8 marks) (e) ( i) On the axis provided, plot a graph of Log R against log T. (4 marks) (ii) Determine the slope S of the graph. (3 marks)(ii) Given that R and T are related by the equation Log R = Log K + n Log T (4 marks) (i) n…………………………..(1 marks) (ii) k…………………………..(2 marks) Question 2 You are provided with the following:   A metre rule A stand, boss and clamp A piece of string A 20 g mass A 50 g mass A measuring cylinder containing water A concave mirror A screen A candle Pieces of sewing threads A mirror holder (Lens holder)Proceed as follows: PART A (a) Using a string, suspend the metre rule on the stand so that it balances horizontally at its center of gravity. Record the centimetre mark at which the metre rule balances. Centimetre mark =………………….cm (1 mark) (b) With the metre rule balanced at its centre of gravity, suspend a 20 g mass at a distance of 30 cm from the centre of gravity. Suspend the 50 g mass on the other side of the centre of gravity and adjust its position until the rule is balanced. See figure 3. Record the distance d of the 50 g ninss from the centre of gravity.d = ………………………. d = ……………………… (1 mark) Record the volume of the water in the measuring cylinder provided. V=……………………………….(1 mark) (ii) Immerse the 20 g mass fully into the water and adjust the position of the 50 g mass so that the rule balances horizontally. Record the volume V1 of the water plus 20 g mass and the distance d1 of the 50 g mass from the centre of gravity. (iii) (I) Determine the volume of the water displaced (1 mark) (II) Determine the weight of the water displaced. (density of water — I gcm(-3) (3 marks) (d) (i) Use the principle of moments to determine the apparent weight of the 20 g mass when fully immersed in water. g — 10 Nkg-1 (2 marks) (ii) Calculate the weight of the 20 g mass in air (g = 10 Nkg-1) (iii) Determine the apparent loss in weight of the 20 g mass. (l mark) PART B (e) Light the candle and place it at distance u = 20 cm in front of the concave mirror. Adjust the position of the screen until a sharp image of the candle flame is obtained. See figure 4. (i) Read and record the distance v between the screen and the mirror.v=………………………………(1 mark) (ii) Determine: I. The magnification m of the mirror given that: m = v/u (1 mark) II. the value f1 given that: f1 = mu/m+1 (f) Repeat part (e) for distance u1 = 18 cm. (i) Read and record the distance v1 between the screen and the mirror. (ii) Determine the magnification m1 of the mirror. (1 mark ) (iii) Hence determine f2. (g) Determine the average value of f. 1

2019 Physics paper 2 SECTION A (25 marks) Answer all the questions in this section in the splices provided. 1. Figure 1 shows two plane mirrors inclined at an angle of 120° to cach other. A ray of light makes an angle or 40° with the first mirror. By completing the ray diagram determine the angle of reflection on the second mirror. (2 marks) 2. State the reason why an increase in leaf divergence is the only sure way of determining whether an object is negatively charged using a negatively charged electroscope. (l mark) 3. State two properties of magnetic field lines around a bar magnet. (2 marks) 4. Figure 2 shows an incomplete circuit for an electromagnet. (a) Complete the diagram to show how a battery should be connected at A so that the polarities at P and Q are South and North respectively. (1 mark) (b) State two ways in which the strength of the electromagnet in (a) can be increased. (2 marks) 5. In a siren, sound is produced when a jet of air is directed perpendicular to a ring of holes on a rotating wheel. Explain the effect on the pitch of sound produced when the speed of rotation of the wheel is increased. (2 marks) 6. State the reason why the current produced by a simple cell falls rapidly when the cell is being used. (1 mark) 7. Figure 3 shows a cell connected in series with an ammeter, a 2 resistor and a switch. A volumeter is connected across the cell With the switch open, the voltmeter reads 1.5 V. Given that the internal resistance of the cell is 0.5 II, determine the ammeter reading when the switch is closed. (3 marks) 8. State two uses of gamma rays in medicine. (2 marks) 9. Figure 4 shows the input and output signals on a CRO screen when two diodes are used during a full wave rectification. Explain how the two diodes rectify the input signal. (3 marks) 10. State how the intensity of X-rays in an X-ray tube can be increased. (3 marks) 11. Figure 5 shows part of the lighting circuit in a house. State two errors in the wiring circuit. (2 marks) 12. Uranium decays as shown below. Name the particle X that is emitted during this decay. (1 mark) 13. State the disadvantage of rising a convex mirror as a driving mirror. (1 mark) 14. Figure 6 shows radiation from thc sun passing through glass in a grecnhouse onto the floor. The floor then emits radiation. State the name of the radiation emitted by the floor. (1 mark) SECTION b (55 marks) Answwr all the questions in this section 15. (a) On the axes provided, sketch a graph of Capacitance against the area of overlap of the plates of a parallel -plate capacitor.(1 mark) (b) (i) Draw a circuit diagram that may be used to investigate the discharging proccss of a capacitor. (2 marks) (ii) On the axes provided sketch the graph of potential difference between the plates against time for the discharging process. (1 mark) (c) Figure 7 shows the capacitors connected to a 6V battery. Determine the: (i) effective capacitance (3 marks) (ii) total charge stored (2 marks) (iii) potential difference across the 4uF capacitor (2 marks) 16. (o) Define the following terms as used in waves (i) Amplitude (1 mark) (ii) Waves length (1 mark) (b) Figure 8 shows water waves approaching a straight reflector at a speed of 40cm’. (i) Draw on the diagram the reflected waves. (2 marks) (ii) Given that the distance benveen the source and the reflector is 15 cm determine: (i). The wavelength of the waves (2 marks) (ii). The frequency of the waves (2 marks) (c) Figure 9 sows light rays from two coherent sources S1 and S2 falling on a screen. Dark and brighi fringe s are observed between A and B. (i) State how: I. bright fringes are formed (1 mark) II. dark fringes are formed (1 mark) (ii) State what is observed when light of a higher frequency is used. (1 mark) 17. (a) Figure 10 shows a ray of light travelling from glass to air. Determine the: (i) Critical angle of the glass — air interface ( 1 mark) (ii) Refractive index of glass (1 mark) (b) A piece of metal is embedded at the centre of an ice block 15 cm from the surface of the ice. Given that the refractive index of ice is 1.32, determine how far from the surface of the ice block the metal appears to be. (3 marks) Complete the ray diagram to show the path of the rays after passing through the lens. (2 marks) (d) (i) State two differences between the human eye and a camera lens. (2 marks) (ii) State the name of the part of the eye that enable the lens to focus images of objects at different distances. (I mark) 18. (a) Describe how a magnet can be demagnetised using the electrical method. (2 marks) (b) You are provided with two iron bars P and Q .One of the bars is magnetised while the other is not. Explain how the magnetised bar can be identified without using a magnet or magnetic material. (2 marks) (c) Figure 12 shows two identical copper coils X and Y placed close to each other. Coil X is connected to a DC power supply while coil Y is connected to a galvanometer. (i) Explain what is observed on the galvanometer when the switch is closed. (4 marks) (ii) State what is observed on the galvanometer when the switch is opened. (1 mark) (iii) State what Would be observed if the number of turns in coil Y is doubled. (1 mark) l9. (a) Define half life as used in radioactivity. (1 mark) (b) Figure 13 Shows a device used to detect radioactivity by forming tracks when air is ionised. (i) State the name of the device shown. (1 mark) (ii) State how air in

SECTION A: (25 marks) 1. A micrometer screw gauge has a — 0.03 mm error. State the reading that is observed on the instrument s’hen used to measure the diameter of a wire whose actual diameter is 0.38 mm. (1 mark) It was observed that upon sucking the straw, milk did not rise up the straw. Explain this observation. (2 marks) 3. State two ways of reducing surface tension of a liquid. (2 marks) 4. Figure 2 shows a round bottomed flask containing a coloured liquid. The flask is fitted with a capillary tube. It is observed that on holding the flask with bare hands, the level of the liquid in the capillary tube initially drops slightly and then rises. Explain this observation. (3 marks) 5. figure, 3 shows two metal rods A and B of equal length made of the same material but different diameters. Wax is attached at one end of each rod . A source of heat is placed between the two metal rods State with a reason, what is observed on the wax. (2 marks) On the axes provided, sketch a displacement — time graph for a trolley moving down a frictionless inclined plane till it reaches the end of the incline.(1 mark 7. A student carrying a heavy box using the right fund is observed to lean towards the left hand side. Explain this observntion. (2 marks) 8. Figure 4 shows a one meter long uniform rod of negligible weight supporting two weights. Determine the position of the fulcrum from O cm for the rod to remain in equilibrium. (3 marks) 9. State the meaning of the term “radian” as a unit of measurement. ( 1 mark) 10. For a fluid flowing at a velocity V in a tube of cross-sectional area A, VA = assumptions made in deriving this equation. (2 marks) 11. A stone of volume 800 cm3 experiences an upthrust of 6.5 N when fully immersed in a certain liquid.Determine the density of the liquid. (2 marks) 12. Figure 5 shows two springs C and D of the same length and equal number of turns made from the same wire. State with a reason which of the two springs can support a heavier load before attaining the elastic limit. (2 marks) 13. Two boxes E and F of masses 2.0kg and 4.0kg respectively are dragged along a fiictioness surface using identical forces. State with a reason which box moves with a higher velocity. (2 marks) SECTION B (55 marks) Answer all the questions in this section 14. (a) A student is provided with five 20g masses, a meter rule, a spring with a pointer,a stand,a boss and a clamp. (i) In the space provided, sketch a labelled diagram of the setup that may be used in order to verify Hooke’s law using these apparatus. (3 marks) (ii) State two measurements that should be recorded in order to plot a suitable graph so as to verify Hooke’s law. (2 marks) (iii) Describe how the measurements made in (ii) can be used to determine tlic spring constant. (2 marks) (b) A helical spring stretches by 0.6 cm when Supporting a weight Of 40 g. Determine the extension when the same spring supports a weight of 65 g. (3 marks) 15. (il) Figure 6 shows a bottle top opener being used to open a bottle Indicate on the diagram the direection of the load and the effort. (2 marks) (b) State two ways in which an inclined plane can be made to reduce the applied effort when pulling a load along the plane. (2 marks) (c) A block and tackle system has three pulleys in the upper fixed block and two pulleys in the lower movable block. (i) Draw a diagram to show how the system can be set up in order to lift a load and indicate the position of the load and effort. (3 marks) (ii) State the velocity ratio of the set up. (1 mark) (iii) In such a block and tackle system an effort of 200N is required to lift a load of 600 N. Determine its efficiency. (3 marks) 16. (a) State the meaning of the term “heat capacity.” (1 mark) (b) State how pressure affects the melting point of a substance. (3 marks) (C) Figure 7 Shows a set up of apparatus that may be used to measure the specific latent heat of vaporisntion of stenm. (i) Describe how the mass of condensed steam is determined. (3 marks) (ii) Other than mass and time, state two other measurements that should be taken during the experiment. (2 marks) (iii) Show how the measurements in (c)(ii) can be used to determine the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water. (2 marks) (iv) State the precautions that should be taken so that the mass of the condensed steamed measured corresponds to the actual mass of steam collected during the time recorded in the eperiment (1 mark) (v) State why it is not necessary to measure temperature in this set up. (1 mark) 17. (a) State what is meant by Brownian Motion (I mark) (b) Figure 8 shows the graph of velocity against tiiiic for a small steel ball falling in a viscous liquid. (i) Describe the motion of the steal ball as represented my port OA. (1 mark) (ii) Explain why the velocity between A and B is constant. (3 marks) (ii) velocity with which the ball hits the ground. 18. (a) Figure 9 shows a graph of pressure against temperature for a fixed mass of gas at constant volume From the graph, determine the values of n and c given that P = nT + c where n and c are constants. (4 marks) (b) Explain why it is not possible to obtain zero pressure of a gas in real life situation. (2 marks) (c) A fixed mass of a gas occupies 1.5 x 10-3m3 at a pressure of 760 mmHg and a temperature of 273 K. Determine the volume the

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Practical 2020 Physics paper 3 Question 1 You are provided with the following:   Two cells in a cell holder; A switch; A micrometer screw gauge; A nichrome wire mounted on a millimetre scale; A voltmeter; An ammeter; A jockey: Connecting wires with crocodile clips.Proceed as follows: Using the micrometer screw gauge, measure and record the diameter d of the wire. d=……..mm d=………m (1 mark) Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 1. Using the voltmeter, measure the potential difference E across the battery before closing the switch. E = ……..volts. (1 mark) Adjust the length L of the wire to 0.1m (10cm). Close the switch, read and record the value of the current I in Table 1. Repeat (d) for the other values of L given in Table 1. Complete the table. (6 marks)   Length L (m) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Current I (A) Current I (A) On the grid provided; plot the graph of 1/I (y axis) against L. (5 marks) From the graph, determine the: (i) Gradient S; (3 marks) (ii) Intercept C on the 1/I axis. (1 mark) h. Given that: (i) 4K1/πd²E = S determine the value of K1 (ii) K1/E = C determine the value of K2 Question 2 You are provided with the following:   A metre rule; A biconvex lens; Source of light (bulb in a bulb holder, cells in a cell holder and a switch); A stand boss and clamp; A lens holder; A screen; A half metre rule; Three pieces of plastic pipes A, B and C; A vernier callipers (to be shared); A stopwatch; Some plasticine.Proceed as follows PART A (a) Clamp the bulb holder onto the stand. Arrange the bulb, the lens and the screen along the metre rule as shown in Figure 2.   (b) Adjust the distance of the bulb from the lens to U = 25 cm. Put on the switch and adjust the position of the screen from the lens so that a sharp image of the bulb is observed. Record the distance V between the screen and the lens in Table 2. (c) Repeat part (b) for the other values of U shown in Table 2. Complete the table. (7 marks)   U cm 25 30 35 V cm M = V/U F=V/M+1 (d) Determine the average value of F.(2 Marks) PART B (e) Using the vernier callipers measure and record the diameters of the three pipes. dA, dB and dC dA= ……….Cm……………… m dB= ……….Cm……………… m dC= ……….Cm……………… m (f) Measure and record the thickness X of the half metre rule. X= ………………..CM……………… m (g) Place the pipe marked A on the bench and use the plasticine to stop it from rolling. (see Figure 3 (a) (i)   Push one end of the balanced half metre rule slightly downwards and release it so that it oscillates up and down. Measure and record in Table 3 the time for five complete oscillations. (j)  Repeat the procedure in (g), (h) and (i) for the other‘ pipes B and C. Complete Table 3.(5 marks)   Pipe A Pipe B Pipe C Diameter d (m) Time for five oscillations Periodic time T (s) Periodic Time T(S) Ƶ= T√3(d – X)/2 (k) Determine the average value of Z (2 marks)  

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 2020 Physics paper 2 Section A (25 Marks) Answer all the questions in this section.   1. State the observation made on the image in a pin hole camera when the distance between the object and the pin hole is reduced.(2 marks) 2. Figure 1 shows a gold leaf electroscope (a) Name the part labelled A.(1 mark) (b) State the function of the part labelled B.(1 mark) 3. State two measurements that should be taken for one to decide whether a lead acid accumulator is due for charging. (2 marks) 4. Explain what happens to the speed of a water wave as it moves from the shallow to the deep end in a ripple tank.(2 marks) 5. The critical angle for a ray travelling from glass to air is 42°. Determine the refractive index of the glass.(3 marks) 6. Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show two circuit diagrams with identical lamps and identical cells. 8. When iron filings are sprinkled onto a bar magnet, it is observed that there are more iron filings at the ends than in the middle. Explain this observation.(2 marks) 9. Draw a diagram to show a p-n junction connected in the reverse bias mode.(2 marks) 10. A broadcasting station produces radio waves of wavelength 800 m. Determine their frequency (speed of air is 3 x 108ms-1)(2 marks) 11. Explain how x-rays are produced in the x-ray tube(2 marks) 12. State the purpose of a fuse in an electrical circuit.(1 mark) 13. Figure 4 shows circular water waves incident on a plane reflector placed at an angle to the path of the waves. Complete the diagram to show the reflected waves.(2 marks) SECTION B (55 MARKS) 14.(a) State two ways of minimising power losses during the transmission of electric power.(1 mark) (b) An electric cooker is rated 2.5 kW, 250 V. State the meaning of these values. (1 mark) (c) A consumer has the following appliances in the house: An electric iron rated 1500 W A water heater rated 500 W An electric cooker rated 2500 W Three bulbs each rated 60 W. The house is fitted with a 12 A fuse. Determine: (i) whether the consumer can connect all the appliances to the 240 V power supply at the same time;(4 marks) (ii) the resistance of the heating element used in the electric cooker.(3 marks) 15.(a) Describe how the focal length of a concave mirror can be determined using a screen and a metre rule.(1 mark) (b) An object is placed 8cm from a concave mirror whose radius of curvature is 20cm. Determine the position of the image.(3marks) (c) An object of height 10 cm is placed 30 cm from a converging lens of focal length 18 cm. (i) On the grid provided. draw a ray diagram to locate the position of the image formed.(3 marks) (ii) From the diagram in part (i), determine the: (I) image height;(2 marks) (II) image distance.(2 marks) 16.(a) State two uses of radioactivity in medicine.(1 mark) (b) The following is a nuclear reaction equation: 63Li + 10n → 31H + xyP Determine the values of x and y.(2 marks) (c) Figure 5 shows a radioactive element placed in an evacuated glass chamber. The element produces alpha, beta and gamma emissions. The three emissions pass through an electric field. (i) Complete the diagram to show the path of each of the emissions.(3 marks) (ii) State the reason why: (I) the radioactive element is kept inside a lead box:(1mark ) (II) the chamber is evacuated.(1 mark) (d)(i) Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in the order of decreasing frequency: Microwaves; Gamma rays; Radiowaves; X-rays.(1 mark) (ii) The half life of a certain radioactive substance is 24 days. Given that the initial (i) sample of the substance has a mass of 64 g, determine the mass which is left after 72 days.(2 marks) 17.(a)(i) Name the three components of the electron gun in a cathode ray tube.(3 marks) (ii) State one difference between the deflection systems of a cathode ray tube and the television tube.(1 mark) (b) Figure 6 shows a graph of stopping potential against the frequency for a certain photo emissive surface, drawn by a student from the data collected when carrying out an experiment on photoelectric effect. From the graph, determine the: (i) threshold frequency of the surface:(3 marks) (ii) plank’s constant h, given that the energy of the incident photon is 1.6X 10-19 J; (3 marks) (iii) work function of the surface.(3 marks) 18.(a) Figure 7 shows a soft iron ring placed between the poles of two bar magnets. (i) Using arrows, indicate on the diagram the direction of current that flows through P and Q when the switch is closed.(1 mark) (ii) State what is observed as the current flows through the conductors.(1 mark) (iii) Explain the observation in (ii).(3 marks) (c)i. State how eddy currents are minimised in a transformer.(1 mark) ii. A step down transformer has 600 turns in the primary coil. The input voltage is 120 V while the output voltage is 24 V. Determine the number of turns in the secondary coil.(3 marks)  

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 2020 Physics paper 1 SECTION A 1. The diameter of a wire was measured as 2.43 mm. Name the instrument that was used to measure this diameter ( 1 mark) 2. Figure 1 shows a capillary tube dipped in mercury in a beaker. State with a reason the observation that would be made on the level of mercury in the capillary tube if the temperature of mercury is increased.(2 marks) 3. State the kinetic theory of gases.(1 mark) 4. Figure 2 shows the scale of a measuring instrument. (a) Determine the reading indicated.(1 mark) (b) State the physical quantity measured by this instrument.(1 mark) 5. Figure 3 shows a traditional stool resting on a level surface. (a) ldentify its state of equilibrium.( 1 mark) (b) State the reason for the answer in (a).( 1 mark) 6. Figure 4 shows a uniform rod AB of length 1m and weight 8N pivoted at 20 cm from one end. It is balanced by supporting it with a string attached to a fixed support. The tension in the string is 4N. Determine the position of the string from end A. (3 marks) 7. Define cohesive forces.( 1 mark) 8. Two similar containers A and B are filled with equal masses of water at the same temperature Container A is made of copper while container B is made of glass. Heat is then supplied to the containers at the same rate. State with a reason, the container in which water boils first.(2 marks) 9. Figure 5 shows a roof of a house over which wind is blowing. It was observed that, when the speed of the wind increased, the roof was blown off. Explain this observation.(2 marks) 10. Figure 6 shows the velocity-time graph of the motion of a stone thrown vertically upwards. From the graph, determine the maximum height reached by the stone.( 3 marks) 11. It is observed that when methylated spirit is poured on the palm, the palm feels colder as it dries up. Explain this observation.(2 marks) 12. Figure 7 shows a box placed on a weighing balance. The balance is placed on the floor of a lift. State what would be observed on the reading of the balance when the: (i) lift is accelerating downwards(1 mark) (ii) lift moves downwards with a uniform velocity(1 mark) (iii) lift is accelerating upwards(1 mark) 13. An object placed on the surface of water in a beaker starts to sink immediately. It is observed that it stops sinking when half of its volume is below the water surface. State the reason for this observation.(1 mark) SECTION B (55 marks) Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 14.(a) Figure 8 shows a bucket filled with water and tied to one end of a string which is used to whirl it in a vertical circular path with a uniform speed v. (i) State two forces acting on the bucket at any instant.(2 marks) (ii) Explain why the tension is lowest at point A.(2 marks) (iii) The speed of the bucket is gradually reduced. Explain what is likely to be observed when the bucket is at point A.(2 marks) (b) A stone of mass 40g is whirled at the end of a string in a horizontal circular path at (b) speed of 12ms-1. (The string and the stone are in the same horizontal plane). If the string is 1m long, determine the tension in the string.(3 marks) 15.(a) Figure 9 shows a setup used by a student to investigate how a siphon works. (a) State what would be observed when the student sucks the tube at point A and releases it. (2 marks) (b) Explain the observation in.(2 marks) (b) Figure 10 shows a test-tube inverted and floating inside a plastic bottle containing some water. The bottle is then sealed. It is observed that when the sides of the bottle are squeezed, the test-rube sinks. Explain this observation.(3 marks) (c) A metallic box weighs 188N and measures 10cm by 30 cm by 8 cm. Determine the maximum pressure it can exert when lying on one of its surfaces.(3 marks) 16.(a) Figure 11 shows a setup that can be used to verify Charles’ Law. (i) Explain how the: (I) temperature of air in the tube is measured;(2 marks) (II) volume of air in the tube is measured.(2 marks) (ii) State how the pressure is kept constant during the experiment. (iii) State how the measurements in (i) can be used to verify Charles’ law.(3 marks) (iv) State one precaution that must be taken to ensure that the temperature of air is accurately measured.(1 mark) (b) A fixed mass of gas initially at 20°C is heated at constant pressure until its volume doubles. Determine its final temperature.(4 marks) 17.(a) Figure 12 shows a simple machine. On the same figure, mark and label the following parts: (i) Effort arm(1 mark) (ii) Load arm(1 mark) (b) Figure 13 shows a pulley system used to raise a mass of 5 kg through a height of 2 m when a force of 60N is applied. (Acceleration due to gravity g is 10ms-2) Determine the: (i) distance moved by the effort;(1 mark) (ii) work done on the load;(3 marks) (iii) potential energy gained by the load (g = 10 Nkg-1).(1 mark) (c) Figure 14 shows a setup that can be used to determine the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water. A beaker containing some water was placed on a weighing balance and an immersion heater rated 500 W immersed in the water. The water was then heated until it boiled. When the water started boiling, the initial the balance was reading on noted and the stop watch started immediately. The final was then noted reading on the balance after a time t seconds. (i) State how the mass of steam can be measured using this setup.(1 mark) (ii) Write down an expression for the heat supplied by the heater.(1 mark) (iii) Determine the specific

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Practical 2021 Physics paper 3 Question 1 You are provided with the following: 1. A thermometer 2. A boiling tube 3. A retort stand, boss and clamp 4. A weighing balance to be shared) 5. A watch glass 6. A measuring cylinder 7. A beaker labelled X 8. A metre rule 9. An optical pin mounted on a cork 10. Water in a beaker 11. A liquid L in a beaker labelled L 12. A plane mirror 13. A stopwatch 14. Tissue paper 15. A piece of manila paper with a hole in the middle (paper cover) 16. Boiling water (to be provided) Proceed as follows: PART A a. Using the weighing balance, measure and record the mass M. of the boiling tube in grammes. b.i. Clamp the boiling tube in the retort stand. ii. Using a measuring cylinder, put 40 cm of cold water in the boiling tube and insert the thermometer in the boiling tube through the paper cover. iii. Make a hot water bath by putting approximately 500 ml of hot water into the beaker labelled X c.i. Place the boiling tube in the hot water. Using the thermometer, stir the water in the tube until the temperature rises to 48°C. (See Figure 1) (Ensure the water in the tube mixes properly to be at the same temperature) ii. With the boiling tube still clamped in the stand, remove the hot water bath. Let the water in the boiling tube cool as you stir throughout using the thermometer. iii. Immediately the temperature falls to 46°C start the stopwatch and record the time in seconds when the temperature falls to the values shown in Table 1. HINT: The time recorded is cumulative and the stopwatch should not be stopped until the time at the last temperature (40°C) is recorded. Stirring the water in the tube should also be continuous. Table 1 (Water) (3 marks)   Temperatu re (oC) 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 Time(s) d.i. Pour out the water from the boiling tube and use some tissue paper to wipe out the water in the tube. Use the measuring cylinder to put 40 cm of liquid L in the boiling tube. ii. Repeat part c(i), (ii) and (iii) using liquid L in place of water and record the results in the Table 2. Table 2 (Liquid L) (3 marks)   Temperatu re (oC) 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 Time(s) e. Use the results to determine: i. time T taken by the water to cool from 45°C to 40°C T = ……… seconds (1 mark) ii. time T, taken by liquid L to cool from 45°C to 40°C T,…………… Seconds (1 mark) iii. constant K given that K = T2/T1 (1 mark) f. Given that the densities of liquid L and water are 0.8 gcm-3 and 1.0 gcm-3 respectively determine the: i. mass ML of liquid L. (2 marks) ii. mass MW of water. (1 mark) g. Use the results to determine the constant C given that K(84Mb + 420MW ) = 84Mb + 100MLC (2 marks) PART B i. Place the watch glass on the plane mirror on the bench. ii. Clamp the optical pin horizontally in the retort stand such that its tip is vertically above the pole of the watch glass. iii. Put a little water into the watch glass. Adjust the height h of the pin above the mirror until it coincides with its inverted image tip to tip. (check for parallax to confirm). See Figure 2. iv. Measure the height h, of the pin above the mirror. h1 = ……….. cm (1 mark) v. Determine r given that r = h1/3 (1 mark) i. Pour out the water and wipe the watch glass dry. Repeat part h (iii) using liquid L instead of water i. Measure and record the height h, of the pin above the mirror. h2 = ……….. cm (1 mark) ii. Determine Z given that, Z = h2+r/h2 (2 marks) Question 2 You are provided with the following: 1. An ammeter 2. 2 cells in a cell holder 3. A coil wound on a beaker 4. A switch 5. A magnetic compass 6. A half metre rule 7. Vemier callipers (to be shared) 8. A retort stand, boss and clamp 9. A wooden block 10. Some plasticine 11. Connecting wires 12. A variable resistor labelled R Proceed as follows: a. i. Count and record the number of complete turns N of the coil on the beaker. (1 mark) ii. Use the vernier callipers to measure and record the diameter d of the beaker in metres. (1 mark) iii. Using some plasticine mount the beaker on the wooden block so that the coil is in a vertical plane. b.i. Place the compass at one end of the half-metre rule such that the E-W marks of the compass are in a direction parallel to the longest side of the half-metre rule. See Figure 3.(Use some plasticine to fix the compass so that it remains in this position throughout the experiment) ii. Clamp the other end of the rule in the stand. Adjust the height of the rule above the bench so that the height of the compass needle is approximately equal to the height of the centre of the vertical coil. iii. With the half-metre rule still clamped, rotate the stand until the north pole of the needle points at 0° of the compass (at N). (keep the stand in this position throughout the experiment) c. Move the wooden block such that the compass gets into the beaker and the centre of the coil and that of the magnetic compass needle approximately coincide (See Figure4) d. With the compass inside the beaker, now connect the coil in series with the cells, ammeter, switch and variable resistor R, as shown in Figure 5. (Ensure that the ammeter is at least 60 cm away from the compass and that there are no other magnetic materials near the compass.) e.i. Close the switch. Using the

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 2021 Physics paper 2 Section A (25 Marks) Answer all the questions in this section. 1. Figure 1 shows a ray of light incident on a plane mirror. Complete the diagram to show the path of the reflected ray. (1 mark) 2. Figure 2a, 2b and 2e show the process of charging an electroscope by induction It is observed that the leaf rises in (a), collapses in (b) and then rises in (c). Explain why the leaf collapses in (b). (3 marks) 3. State one use of capacitors. (1 mark) 4. Figure 3 shows a graph of magnetic strength against time for two nails P and Q when magnetised in a solenoid. P and Q are of the same size but are made of different materials. a. Identify the material that is magnetised faster. (1 mark) b. Use the domain theory to explain the answer in 4(a). (2 marks) 5. State the meaning of the term principal focus of a convex mirror (1 mark) 6. Figure 4 shows a current carrying conductor placed between the poles of two magnets. (The direction of the current is into the paper). Sketch the magnetic field produced between the conductor and the poles of the magnets. (2 marks) 7. Figure 5 shows two coherent sources of sound A and B in phase. O is a point equidistant from A and B. An observer moves from Mto N through Q. Explain what is observed at point Q. (3 marks) 8. State one factor that affects the speed of sound in water. (1 mark) 9. Figure 6 shows a ray of light incident on a prism with a critical angle of 42° Complete the diagram to show the path of the ray through the prism. (2 marks) 10. It is observed that when the heat current of the cathode ray tube is increased, the intensity of the cathode rays increase. Explain this observation. (2 marks) 11. A current of 2A flows through a bulb for 2.5 minutes. Determine the quantity of charge that flows through the bulb.(3 marks) 12. Figure 7 shows UV light passing through an aperture and incident on the cathode of a photocell. a. State what is observed on the milliammetre when the size of the aperture is increased b. State the reason for the answer in 12(a) (1 mark) 13. State the property of radio waves that makes them suitable for use in communication. (1 mark) SECTION B Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 14.a. State and explain how increase in temperature affects the conductivity of a semiconductor. (2 marks) b. Figure 8 shows a graph of potential difference (V) across a bulb against the current (I) through the bulb obtained from an experiment. Explain why parts: i. OA is straight (1 mark) ii. AB is curved. (2 marks) c. A circuit consists of 20 identical lamps connected in series to 240 V mains supply. Determine the potential difference across each of the lamps. (2 marks) d. Figure 9 shows a circuit consisting of two identical lamps and three ammeters A1, A2, and A3, connected to a cell. Given that ammeter A, reads 0.5 A: i. state the reading on Ammeter A3(1 mark) ii. explain the answer 14(d) (i). (2 marks) 15.a. State the use of the eye piece lens in a compound microscope. (1 mark) b. On the grid provided, draw a ray diagram to show how a convex lens forms a magnified real image. (3 marks) i. State the type of defect shown. (1 mark) ii. State the type of lens that can be used to correct this defect. (1 mark) iii. On the same figure, draw rays to show how the lens in 15(c)(ii) corrects the defect. (2 marks) d. Figure 11 shows a graph of image distance (V) against the object distance (U) obtained in an experiment to determine the focal length of a concave mirror. i. Identify and mark a point X on the graph where V = U. ii. Use the point X to determine: I. the radius of curvature r. (2 marks) II. the focal length of the lens f. (1 mark) 16.a. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. (1 mark) b. Figure 12 shows a bar magnet being moved towards a solenoid. The solenoid is connected to a galvanometer. i. Indicate on the diagram the direction of the induced current in the solenoid. (1 mark) ii. Identify the pole induced at D. (1 mark) iii. Explain the answer in 16(b)(ii). (2 marks) iv. Apart from the number of tums in the solenoid, state two factors affecting the magnitude of the induced current. (2 marks) c. Explain how laminating the core of a transformer increases its efficiency. (2 marks) 17.a. Explain how a fuse protects electrical devices from damage. (2 marks) b. State and explain why the voltage in mains electricity is stepped up before long distance transmission (3 marks) c. Figure 13 shows how power can be transmitted from the generating station through transformers P, Q and R to the consumers i. Identify the type of transformer labelled P. (1 mark) ii. Explain how the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils of transformer P affects its output voltage. (3 marks) iii. State the reason why one of the wires from R to the school should be earthed. (1 mark) d. A power station generates 11 kV at a current of 1A. The voltage is stepped up to 160kV before being transmitted through electric cables. Assuming the transformer is 100% efficient, determine thie secondary current(3 marks) 18.a. Figure 14 shows a cathode ray tube. A metal plate is placed between the anode and the screen. i. State with a reason what would be observed on the screen when the cathode rays are produced (2 marks) ii. State the effect on the cathode rays produced when the anode potential is increased. (1 mark) b. Explain how X-rays produce photographs of fractures in

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 2021 Physics paper 1 SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 1. Figure 1 shows part of the thimble scale of a screw gauge with 50 divisions. On the diagram, draw the sleeve scale to show a reading of 3.87 mm. (1 mark) 2. Figure 2 shows a siphon used to empty a tank. In order to start the siphon, state why: a. it must be full of liquid. (1 mark) b. end X must be below the level of the liquid in the tank. (1 mark) 3. Figure 3(a) shows a horizontal tube containing air trapped by a mercury thread of length 5 cm. The length of the enclosed air column is 7.5cm. The atmospheric pressure is 76 cm Hg. The tube is then turned vertically with its mouth facing down as shown in Figure 3(b). a. Determine the length 1 of the air column. (3 marks) b. State the reason why the mercury thread did not fall out in Figure 3(b). (1 mark) 4. In a Physics experiment, a student filled a burette with water up to a level of 15 ml. The student ran out 3 drops of water each of volume 2 cm from the burette into a beaker. Determine the final reading of the burette. (2 marks) 5. State two factors that affect the angular velocity of a body moving in a circular path (marks) 6. Figure 4 shows two capillary tubes X and Y of different diameters dipped in mercury.Complete the diagram to show the meniscus in Y. (1 mark) 7. In an experiment, a drop of black ink is introduced at the bottom of a container filled with water. It is observed that the water gradually turns black. State the effect on the observation when the experiment is carried out using water at a lower temperature. (1 mark) 8. Figure 5 shows two identical springs arranged side by side and supporting a weight of 50 N. When the same weight is supported by one of the springs above, it produces an extension of 1 cm. Determine the effective spring constant of the arrangement in Figure 5. (3 marks) 9. On the axes provided, sketch a graph of density against temperature for water between 0°C and 10 °C. (1 mark) 10. State the reason why a student climbing a hill tends to bend forward. (1 mark) 11. Figure 6 shows a graph of temperature against time for a pure molten substance undergoing cooling. Explain what happens to the substance in region BC. (2 marks) 12. Figure 7 shows a uniform rod AB 2 m long and of mass 1 kg. It is pivoted 0.5 m from end A and balanced horizontally by a string attached 0.1 m from end B. Determine the tension in the string. (take g = 10 Nkg) (2 marks) 13. Figure 8 shows two pieces of ice A and B trapped using a wire gauze in a large beaker containing water. Heat is supplied at the centre of the base of the beaker as shown. State the reason why B melted earlier than A (1 mark) 14. Figure 9 shows a folded piece of paper. A stream of air is blown underneath the paper. Explain why the paper collapsed. (2 marks) SECTION B (55 marks) Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 15.a. Figure 10 shows a wooden block of volume 90 cm floating with 1/3 of its body submerged in water of density 1gcm-3 (g = 10 Nkg-1) Determine: i. The weight of the block ii. The weight of a metal block that can be placed onto the block so that its top surface is on the same level as the water surface.(3 marks) b. Figure 11 shows a solid metal suspended in oil using a thread. i. Other than upthrust, list two other forces acting on the sphere. (2 marks) ii. The oil is carefully and gradually drawn from the beaker. State the effect on each of the two forces in 15(b)(i). (2 marks) 16.a. Define the term “specific latent heat of fusion” (1 mark) b. Ice of mass 5g at a temperature of -10°C is immersed into 10.5g of hot water at 100°C in a container of negligible heat capacity. All the ice melts and the final temperature of the mixture is 40°C. Assuming there are no heat losses to the surrounding and taking the specific latent heat of fusion for ice as L (Cwar = 4200 Jkg-K and C = 2100 Jkg ‘K). Determine the: i. heat lost by the hot water. (3 marks) ii. heat gained by ice from -10°C to 0°C. (2 marks) iii. heat required to melt the ice in terms of Lf (1 mark) iv. heat gained by the melted ice. (2 marks) v. specific latent heat of fusion of ice. (3 marks) 17. Figure 12 shows a hydraulic lift system. The radius of the small piston is 5.64 cm while that of the large piston is 14.24 cm. The small piston is operated using a lever. A force of 100N is applied to the lever Determine the: a. pressure exerted by the smaller piston. (5 marks) b. load that can be lifted. (3 marks) c. mechanical advantage of the system. (3 marks) 18.a. A bus moving initially at a velocity of 20ms-1 decelerates uniformly at 2 ms-2 i. Determine the time taken for the bus to come to a stop. (3 marks) ii. Sketch the velocity – time graph for the motion of the bus up to the time it stopped. (2 marks) iii. Use the graph to determine the distance moved by the bus before stopping. (1 mark) b. A car of mass 1000 kg travelling at a constant velocity of 40ms-1 collides with a stationary metal block of mass 800 kg. The impact takes 3 seconds before the two move together. Determine the impulsive force. (4 marks) 19.a. State two conditions necessary for

21.0 WOODWORK (444) 21.1 Woodwork Paper 1 (444/1) 1 (a) SAFETY ATTIRE (i) Apron/overall (ii) Gloves (iii) Goggles (iv) Helmet (v) Boots (Any 4 x 1/2 = 2 marks) (b) UTILIZATION OF WASTE WOOD (i) Fuel (ii) Toys (iii) Ornament (iv) Manufactured board (Any 4 x 1/2 = 2 marks) 2 (a) ORDER FOR PLYWOOD (i) Number of veneers (ii) Surface finish (iii) Face veneer type (iv) Nominal thickness (v) Sheet size (Any 4 x 1/2 = 2 marks) (b) METHOD OF CONVERSION (i) Log size/diameter (ii) Type of Wood (iii) Structural defects (iv) Timber use (v) Type of sawing machine (vi) Proportion of heartwood to sapwood (Any 4 x 1/2 = 2 marks) 3 DRILLING HOLE USING EXPANSIVE BIT (i) Locate and mark the centre position of the hole (1/2 mark) (ii) Set the expansive bit at 0 60 mm and drill hole midway (1 mark) (iii) Set the bit at (5 30 mm and continue drill the hole till the screw tip shows on the other side. (1 mark) (iv) Turn the work and finish drilling from opposite side (2 mark) 4 (a) REASONS FOR SETTING SAW TEETH (i) To provide a ken” which is wider than the saw blade (ii) To prevent blade from jamming when sawing (2 X 1 = 2 marks) (b) SETTING SAW TEETH (i) Mount the saw blade between holding block and fix in a vice (ii) Select appropriate setting tool (iii) Bend every alternate tooth in one direction and the remaining teeth in opposite direction (iv) Check to confirm alignment of teeth. (Any 4 x 1/2 = 2 marks) 5 RECONDITIONING THE BLADE (i) Set the correct grinding angle (20 – 25°) on the grinder (ii) Grind the blade square till the nicks disappear (m) Hone the cutting edge to correct sharpening angle (25 – 30°) (iv) Flip the blade to remove the burrs at the back (4 x 1 = 4 marks) 6. The outside calipers is used to measure external diameters of shafts as shown. 7 (a) Router plane (1 mark) (b) PROCEDURE (i) Select the correct size of the cutter (ii) Mount the cutter (iii) Mark the location of the cut (iv) Cut the groove (Any 4 x Z = 2 marks) 8 HINGE FAULTS Protruding screw heads Door will not close fully or screws will dig into its edge Hinge set too far inside Door carcase will bend on outside edge Recess cut too deep Screws will loosen on closing the door Recess cut too shallow A gap will be left between the door and carcase Recess being out of square Door will not align with carcase (any 3 marks) 9 (a) REASON FOR USING WOOD FILLERS To cover cracks, dents, gaps etc. on Wood surfaces. (b) FUNCTIONS OF WOOD STAINS (i) Bring wood surface to desired colour (ii) Bring out the beauty of the grains 12 (a) REASONS FOR GROOVE IN A DOWEL (i) To allow air to escape while driving a dowel (ii) To allow excess glue to flow out when driving a dowel (b) PREPARING A DOWEL (i) Prepare a square piece with sides slightly larger than required diameter (ii) Taper one end of the square piece (iii) Select the correct size of the hole on the plate (iv) Drive the square piece through the hole (v) Cut to required length of the dowel (5 x 1 = 5 marks) (c) PLANNING THE END GRAINS (i) Clamp protective pieces level with the top of the Work piece (ii) Mount the work in a vice allowing sufficient height for planning (iii) Plane the end grains with a block or smoothing plane Outlining (3 x 1 = 3 marks) 13 (a) MANUFACTURING CHIPBOARD (i) Chip the raw material (ii) Dry the wood particles (iii) Grade the particlesinto sizes (iv) Blend of mix With a suitable binder (v) Form the board and press the board applying sufficient heat and pressure (vi) Cut the board to size (6 X 1 mark = 6 marks) (b) TIMBER DEFECTS (i) Cupping This is the distortion of timber from a square cross section to a rhombus cross section. Caused by This is the spiral distortion where a length of timber raises from normal flat run. Also known as ‘wind’ caused by lack of uniform pressure on boards when seasoning. Sketch 1 1/2 marks Description 1 1/2 marks (3 x 3 = 9 marks) 14 (a) CUTTING LIST 15 (a) PAINTING A NEW SURFACE (i) Prepare the surface by planning and sanding (1) (ii) Apply the first coat or the priming coat (1) (iii) Seal all the cracks, dents etc. (1) (iv) Apply the undercoat and allow to dry (1) (v) Apply the final coat (1/2) (Total 4 1/2 marks) (b) i  

5.2 WOODWORK (444) 5.2.1 Woodwork Paper 1 (444/1) 1. (a) Levels of qualifications. – Artisan – Craftsman – Technician – Engineer (b) Factors which determine the appearance of grains. – Methods of cut. – The location of the cut. – The condition of wood. – The arrangement of wood cells. – Direction of cut. 2. 4. a) Texture – is a surface 2 condition resulting from the size 2 and distribution 2 of wood cells 2 . b) Figure – pattem 2 or markings which are formed 2 on the surface of processed timber as a result of wood tissue being cut 2 through. 2 x 2 = (4 marks) 5 a) Functions of a jointer Makes edges straight and square. Makes rebates, tongues and chamfers. b) 6.a) Four characteristics of laquer Crystal clear Fast drying Produce hazardous fumes during application Can be sprayed or brushed Do not form layers as thick as most varnishes. b) Classification of pencils Soft Medium Hard 8. Precautions to be observed when using a saw – No nailsl metallic objects in the workpiece. – No obstacles in front of the cutting line. – Ensure that the saw is well maintained. – Make! apply uniform strokes to drive the saw. 9. 12, (a) Precautions to be ob served when using a steel tape measure. Do not pull or push the tape when the locking device is engaged C . . . heck the accuracy with a vemler calllper to ensure the hook at the end is not bend. D0 not extend the tape beyond its limits. Do not drop the tape. 3×1 = (3 marks) (i) (ii) Step of marking out the shape Establish line AB = 60 mm At point A and B construct perpendicular lines. At point A and B and along the perpendicular line, mark 80 nun – C and D At point A construct L30“ to cut at E. Measure 30 mm from point E to establish point F. At point F construct an arc 30 mm radius to meet at C and D. Join points A, C, D and E to produce the desired shape. 7 x 1 = (7 marks) 13. (a) Factors to consider when grading timber. – Quality@ – when ‘1idging the qtéfity the grader considers the type , size and numbe of defects on the face (i.e) natural defect, sawing defect, seasoning e.t.c. – Condition@ – The grader should consider the condition of the surface (i.e) staining@, discolouration® due to weathering, fungi attack@ moisture content e.t.c. – Snengm@ – The ability of the timber to withstand shearing stresses, G9 bending stresses and compression. (5 marks) (b) Purpose of a primer – Prevent previous applied finishes from bleeding into the paint. – Seals wood pores and stick to surfaces better than paint does. – As they seal the pores, they make the surface smooth, hence the surface is easier to paint and less absorbent. – Help to preserve the wood and reduce blistering, peeling and ratting. – Forms a surface for finishing coat. Any 4 x 1 (4 marks) (c) Blockboard and plywood 14. (a) Benefits of small business start up – Creates employment to the local community. – Control the mral urban migration – Generates revenue to the local authority by paying levies. – Takes services closure to the people. – Improves the living standards of the local community. – Makes use of the locally available materials. – Creates taxable revenue to the Government. Any 6 xl = (6 marks) (b) Cutting list Item No. Description Size (mm) No. Off 1 Top 25 x 150 x 900 1 = 2 Bottom 25 x 200 x 900 1 = Sides 25 x 200 x 600 = Partition 25 x 200 x 600 = EQ;-ma; = 1 Cross-cutting is the an of cutting wood across the grains using Sew kerb Saw hr! 15. a) b) Advantages of quarter sawing – retains the shape upon drying. – Produces decorative radial face. – Produces timber appropriate for joists. Any 2 x1 = (2 marks) Disadvantages – Expensive form of conversion. – Creates a lot of waste. – Ideal for large logs. Any2xI = (2marks) Total = 4 marks c) Precautions to avoid splitting. – Ensure the workpiece is clamped firmly on the bench. – Select an appropriate chisel. – Apply light blows to start with. – Tum the piece and finish from the other side. Any 3 x 1 = (3 marks)    

CHAPTER ONE Ethics is a branch of philosophy that addresses the concepts of right and wrong or good and evil. … Applied ethics addresses practical, everyday issues. … Professional ethicsprovides us means to solve certain ethical problems related to a certain profession, in this case, health care. Basics of ethics Ethics is a branch of philosophy that addresses the concepts of right and wrong or good and evil. Ethics can also be called moral philosophy. Morality means usually a more practical approach to ethics, for example questions about the right and wrong in actions. Adjectives “moral” and “ethical” can be used fairly synonymously. Applied ethics addresses practical, everyday issues. It is usually normative and thus aims to find the best possible answers to questions like: “Is this act or policy right or wrong?” Of course, life is often so complicated that simple answers cannot be provided. Then applied ethics can serve as a tool for clarifying the issue and  for helping decision-making and account for these decisions even if there is no absolute right answer to be found. Professional ethics provides us means to solve certain ethical problems related to a certain profession, in this case, health care. Professional ethics is usually presented as guidelines and rules, but it can be demanding to apply these to complex situations, that call for sensitivity to circumstances and the individuals in question. Thus, professional ethics cannot be only about abiding by the rules, but constant awareness to the rights and needs of the clients or patients, and critical thinking in the cross-fire of ethics, rules, conventions and difficulties of social interaction. Being a professional Acquiring a professional role in health care is important from the point of view of ethics. A professional is committed to the principles and aims of the work and is aware of her own limitations and values. The most important questions in acquiring high ethical standards in professional work are: 1) Why is the work being done? 2) What are the necessary components of high quality? and 3) What is the professional attitude? These questions concerning ‘good work’ can be summarized in the 3 E’s: excellence, ethics and engagement. Another way of looking at the professional working role is to ask what the virtues of a high-grade professional worker are. Virtues mean acquired capabilities that enable excellence in the practice according to its objectives, e.g. wisdom, justice, self control and courage. Why and how? Aims, principles and values direct the work, but it is also important to think about its functionality and pragmatic dimensions. How are the aims of the work realized in the best way? And how is this done without neglecting the key principles and values of the work? Pragmatism is not only about finding the best solution for some concrete problem at hand, but also about connecting aims with means. If a certain procedure is fast and efficient, but violates a patient’s autonomy and causes distress, it is not pragmatic, considering not only the immediate task but the idea of producing good care. It is a common mistake to think that professionalism is based only on personal competence of a worker. The fact is that maintaining a high quality of work requires a lot more. Key factors are continuing education, professional pride and good management. It is also essential that there is a functioning work society and group dynamics with reasonable workload and reasonable resources. Maintaining a high level of professionalism is a matter of cooperation in the work society, but also a responsibility of the management and leaders. Professional attitude What is professional attitude? How can you obtain it? Can you choose your attitude, can you change it, or can you develop it? Does your professional attitude change during your career? Work attitude means continuous evaluations and reactions towards one’s work environment: co-workers, patients, work society, tasks, and more. Building professional attitude can be described as an adjustment process that begins by understanding what it means to be a professional and how a professional should relate and react to her work environment. Health care professionals are in a position which they can use to do good or harm depending on their work attitude. That is why ethical awareness is an integral part of professional attitude and why it is necessary to take time for reflection-on-action. One key ability in being a professional is a certain degree of value neutrality. This means that the principles that guide the work should be always derived from the main purposes of the work. Any other aims, ideologies, personal values, personal gain or religious beliefs should be omitted from the professional role. Applying ethics to professional work During the past 10 years there has been a strong movement towards evidence-based practice especially in the health care sector. This means that decisions should be based on research findings, expertise of the health care provider, patient’s opinions, views, situation and resources in the unit. Evidence-based health care is not a “cookbook” practice, and the emphasis is still on the individualized care of the patient and/or the client. When approaching or solving ethical problems, we need to make choices on the basis of our beliefs and feelings about what is fundamentally good or right. However, applying ethics to clinical work does not mean that you have to reflect only on your own thoughts and experiences and discuss with your colleagues. Applying ethics to work also demands that we are aware of the current study results of our own working field and consider the ethical problems that we are dealing with. Three brief examples are described below to remind you that there are a lot of research findings which can be used to discuss, to reflect on and to argue ethical dilemmas from different perspectives at clinical work. More in-depth information can be found from the references. CORE LIVING VALUES This is standard of living and behavior expected of a person.  These are 12 core values; Cooperation- ability to work as a team towards a common purpose. It is characterized by helping